Review of Related Literature in Research Studies

Research Variables and Samples

• Data represents the research variable
• A sample is a group of individuals that represents a total population

Types of Interviews

• Semi-structured interview: uses an interview schedule and a set of prepared questions that are unchangeable
• Unstructured interview: answers are conversation-like, with questions based on an outline

Research Approaches

• Phenomenology: a qualitative approach that focuses on participants' experiences

Observation Methods

• Naturalistic observation: observing subjects in their natural environment without interference
• Non-naturalistic observation: observing subjects in a controlled environment or using a checklist

Qualitative Research

• Scientific investigation of phenomena, including collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts
• Focuses on understanding the "what", "why", and "how" of a phenomenon
• Involves categorical data and written reports

Data Analysis

• Code: a word or phrase used to represent subjective data
• Theme: consists of the background of a frequent problem and the clue to find a solution in the research
• Pattern: examining codes and collated data to identify significant broader patterns of meaning

Research Ethics

• Intellectual property (IP) includes research used in the review of literature
• Copyright owners have exclusive rights to reproduction, adaptation, distribution, public performance, and display
• Paraphrasing the abstract of a study is a practice of ethical standard

Research Designs

• Ethnography: focuses on studying cultures and societies by observing and participating in their daily activities
• Case study: primarily concerned with the in-depth analysis of a single or small number of cases
• Historical approach: used to investigate past events, processes, and contexts to understand their significance and impact on the present

Interviews and Questionnaires

• Structured interview: uses a predetermined set of questions to gather feedback
• Open-ended questions: used to gather detailed and subjective information
• Close-ended questionnaires: used to gather specific and quantifiable data

Review of Related Literature

• Purpose: to provide background information and context for the study
• Steps: identifying relevant sources, summarizing key points, and synthesizing information from different sources
• Difference from a review of a related study: provides a broader overview, while a review of a related study is more focused and specific

Writing a Review of Related Literature

• Process: search for literature, read source materials, write a draft, and write the review
• Purpose of citing sources: to avoid plagiarism

Research Methods

• Data gathering instruments: interviews, observation, and questionnaires
• Research design: the process of structuring techniques and strategies to solve problems or answer inquiries
• Participative observation: type of observation that requires the researcher to be involved in the usual activities of the subjects being researched