33 Questions
What is the origin of v-src in Rous Sarcoma virus?
It originated from a cellular counterpart c-src
How do cis-activating retroviruses contribute to cancer development?
By inserting a promoter near an oncogene
What is the mechanism by which HTLV-1 causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL)?
By expressing viral oncogenic proteins TAX1/HBZ
What is the global distribution of HTLV-1?
It is found only in certain regions of the world
How many subtypes of HTLV are there?
Four
What is the primary mode of transmission of HTLV-1?
Through human-human transmission
What is the role of the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) in retroviral integration?
To promote integration into the host genome
What is the main difference between transducing and cis-activating retroviruses?
Their mechanism of gene regulation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HTLV-1 infection?
Cutaneous manifestations
What is the role of the Tax protein in HTLV-1 infection?
To activate cellular genes
What is the primary mechanism of cancer development associated with 'high risk' HPV infection?
E6 and E7 proteins inhibit tumor suppressors
What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?
To transcribe viral RNA into DNA
What is the primary mechanism of HTLV transmission?
Cell-to-cell transmission through virological synapse
What is the characteristic feature of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) cells?
Elevated, morphologically abnormal T cells
What is the prognosis of Chronic ATL?
Moderate prognosis with a 5-year survival rate
What is the primary symptom of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)?
Stiff gait progressing slowly to increasing spasticity
What is the function of the Tax protein in the HTLV lifecycle?
To transactivate viral gene expression and immortalize primary CD4+ cells
What is the result of Tax1 transgenic mice?
They develop splenomegaly and a disease model similar to ATL
What is the outcome of infection with low risk HPV genotypes?
Benign warts
Which of the following proteins is NOT associated with HPV?
Tax
What is the outcome of chronic infection with HTLV-1?
Adult T cell leukemia
What is the role of the E6 and E7 proteins in HPV infection?
They are oncogenic proteins
What is the availability of a vaccine against HPV?
A safe and effective vaccine is available
What is the role of HBZ in HTLV-1 infection?
Promotes latency and prevents mbaughton cosmic activity
Which of the following is a characteristic of Papillomaviruses?
Double-stranded circular DNA genome
What is the clinical manifestation of Low-Risk (LR) HPV genotypes in cutaneous infections?
Benign cutaneous warts
How are High-Risk (HR) HPV genotypes transmitted?
Sexual transmission
What is the role of HPV 16, 18, 31, and 45 in cervical cancer?
They contribute to the development of cervical cancer
What is the result of the integration of Oncogenic viral genes E6 and E7 into the host genome?
Inactivation of cellular tumor suppressor proteins
What is the role of Anti-L1 antibodies in HPV infection?
They are virus-neutralizing and type-specific
What is the composition of the HPV vaccine Gardasil 9?
L1 virus-like particles with conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes
What is the result of the immune response against HPV infection?
Clearance of the infection
What is the significance of Koilocytes in HPV infection?
They are abnormal squamous epithelium cells as a result of HPV infection
Learn about the role of retroviruses and papillomaviruses in causing cancer and disease. Understand the transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms of HTLV-1 and HPV infections. Discover the functions of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in infection and disease development.
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