Retroviruses and Papillomaviruses CEPHR

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What is the origin of v-src in Rous Sarcoma virus?

It originated from a viral gene
It originated from a cellular counterpart c-src (correct)
It was inserted by a retrovirus
It was formed by a mutation in the LTR

How do cis-activating retroviruses contribute to cancer development?

By inserting a promoter near an oncogene (correct)
By inducing a mutation in the LTR
By inserting an enhancer far from an oncogene
By inactivating a tumor suppressor gene

What is the mechanism by which HTLV-1 causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL)?

By integrating into a specific site in the host genome
By inserting a promoter near an oncogene
By inactivating a tumor suppressor gene
By expressing viral oncogenic proteins TAX1/HBZ (correct)

What is the global distribution of HTLV-1?

It is found only in certain regions of the world (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many subtypes of HTLV are there?

Four (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of HTLV-1?

Through human-human transmission (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) in retroviral integration?

To promote integration into the host genome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between transducing and cis-activating retroviruses?

Their mechanism of gene regulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HTLV-1 infection?

Cutaneous manifestations (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Tax protein in HTLV-1 infection?

To activate cellular genes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of cancer development associated with 'high risk' HPV infection?

E6 and E7 proteins inhibit tumor suppressors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in retroviruses?

To transcribe viral RNA into DNA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of HTLV transmission?

Cell-to-cell transmission through virological synapse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) cells?

Elevated, morphologically abnormal T cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of Chronic ATL?

Moderate prognosis with a 5-year survival rate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)?

Stiff gait progressing slowly to increasing spasticity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Tax protein in the HTLV lifecycle?

To transactivate viral gene expression and immortalize primary CD4+ cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Tax1 transgenic mice?

They develop splenomegaly and a disease model similar to ATL (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of infection with low risk HPV genotypes?

Benign warts (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is NOT associated with HPV?

Tax (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of chronic infection with HTLV-1?

Adult T cell leukemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the E6 and E7 proteins in HPV infection?

They are oncogenic proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the availability of a vaccine against HPV?

A safe and effective vaccine is available (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HBZ in HTLV-1 infection?

Promotes latency and prevents mbaughton cosmic activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Papillomaviruses?

Double-stranded circular DNA genome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of Low-Risk (LR) HPV genotypes in cutaneous infections?

Benign cutaneous warts (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are High-Risk (HR) HPV genotypes transmitted?

Sexual transmission (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HPV 16, 18, 31, and 45 in cervical cancer?

They contribute to the development of cervical cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the integration of Oncogenic viral genes E6 and E7 into the host genome?

Inactivation of cellular tumor suppressor proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Anti-L1 antibodies in HPV infection?

They are virus-neutralizing and type-specific (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the HPV vaccine Gardasil 9?

L1 virus-like particles with conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the immune response against HPV infection?

Clearance of the infection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Koilocytes in HPV infection?

They are abnormal squamous epithelium cells as a result of HPV infection (A) Signup and view all the answers