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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glycoprotein gp120 in the life cycle of HIV?
What is the primary function of the glycoprotein gp120 in the life cycle of HIV?
binds to surface molecules CD4 of T helper cells, macrophages etc.
What is the purpose of the integrase enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV?
What is the purpose of the integrase enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV?
inserts the viral DNA into host cells chromosome
What is the term for the latent period of HIV infection, during which the virus is not actively replicating?
What is the term for the latent period of HIV infection, during which the virus is not actively replicating?
clinical latency period
What is the threshold below which the T cell count drops, indicating the progression of HIV to AIDS?
What is the threshold below which the T cell count drops, indicating the progression of HIV to AIDS?
What is the term for the process by which HIV releases its genetic material into the host cell?
What is the term for the process by which HIV releases its genetic material into the host cell?
What is the enzyme responsible for converting HIV RNA into DNA, allowing the virus to replicate?
What is the enzyme responsible for converting HIV RNA into DNA, allowing the virus to replicate?
What is the final stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely weakened immune system?
What is the final stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely weakened immune system?
What is the primary cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What is the primary cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What type of cancer is a common respiratory symptom in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What type of cancer is a common respiratory symptom in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What is the primary mechanism of action of nucleotide or nucleoside RT inhibitors in treating HIV infection?
What is the primary mechanism of action of nucleotide or nucleoside RT inhibitors in treating HIV infection?
What is the role of integrase inhibitors in treating HIV infection?
What is the role of integrase inhibitors in treating HIV infection?
Why is it necessary to take anti-retroviral therapy for life in individuals with HIV infection?
Why is it necessary to take anti-retroviral therapy for life in individuals with HIV infection?
What is the significance of HIV accessory genes in the viral life cycle?
What is the significance of HIV accessory genes in the viral life cycle?
what is nef?
what is nef?
What is the primary function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in the retrovirus replication cycle?
What is the primary function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in the retrovirus replication cycle?
What is the purpose of the integrase enzyme in the retrovirus replication cycle?
What is the purpose of the integrase enzyme in the retrovirus replication cycle?
What type of genome does a retrovirus have, and what are its characteristic features?
What type of genome does a retrovirus have, and what are its characteristic features?
What are the three main genes encoded by the retrovirus genome, and what do they encode for?
What are the three main genes encoded by the retrovirus genome, and what do they encode for?
What is the fate of the retrovirus genome after it integrates into the host chromosome?
What is the fate of the retrovirus genome after it integrates into the host chromosome?
What is the structure of a retrovirus, and what are its outer and inner components?
What is the structure of a retrovirus, and what are its outer and inner components?
What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
What is the difference between enveloped and unenveloped viruses?
What is the difference between enveloped and unenveloped viruses?
What determines the shape of a virus?
What determines the shape of a virus?
What is the role of attachment sites in the life cycle of a virus?
What is the role of attachment sites in the life cycle of a virus?
What is the purpose of viral mRNA?
What is the purpose of viral mRNA?
What is the Baltimore classification based on?
What is the Baltimore classification based on?
What is the result of penetration in the life cycle of a virus?
What is the result of penetration in the life cycle of a virus?
What is the function of enzymes in viral replication?
What is the function of enzymes in viral replication?
What is the characteristic feature of viral genomes?
What is the characteristic feature of viral genomes?
Flashcards
What is HIV?
What is HIV?
A lentivirus that causes AIDS, transmitted through sexual contact and bodily fluids.
What is HIV's life cycle?
What is HIV's life cycle?
Binding of gp120 to CD4 molecules, fusion, RNA to DNA conversion, integration, transcription, and assembly.
What happens in the acute phase of HIV?
What happens in the acute phase of HIV?
Sharp peak, fever, rapid T cell drop.
What happens during clinical latency?
What happens during clinical latency?
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AIDS Stage
AIDS Stage
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What are some gastrointestinal symptoms of AIDS?
What are some gastrointestinal symptoms of AIDS?
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What are some respiratory symptoms of AIDS?
What are some respiratory symptoms of AIDS?
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What are some neurological symptoms of AIDS?
What are some neurological symptoms of AIDS?
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What are some skin-related symptoms of AIDS?
What are some skin-related symptoms of AIDS?
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What is the treatment for HIV?
What is the treatment for HIV?
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What is the structure of a retrovirus?
What is the structure of a retrovirus?
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What is the replication cycle of a retrovirus?
What is the replication cycle of a retrovirus?
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What is the basic structure of a virus?
What is the basic structure of a virus?
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What shapes can viruses have?
What shapes can viruses have?
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What is the life cycle of a virus?
What is the life cycle of a virus?
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What is the first step of HIV's life cycle?
What is the first step of HIV's life cycle?
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What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV replication?
What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV replication?
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What happens after HIV RNA is converted to DNA?
What happens after HIV RNA is converted to DNA?
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What happens after viral DNA is integrated?
What happens after viral DNA is integrated?
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How are new HIV viruses released from the cell?
How are new HIV viruses released from the cell?
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AIDS stage
AIDS stage
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Retro Virus Structure
Retro Virus Structure
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Retrovirus encoded genes
Retrovirus encoded genes
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First step of virus life cycle
First step of virus life cycle
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Second step of virus life cycle
Second step of virus life cycle
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Virus genes
Virus genes
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Step 4 of life Cycle
Step 4 of life Cycle
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Step 5 of life cycle
Step 5 of life cycle
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Virus composition
Virus composition
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Study Notes
HIV Structure and Replication
- HIV is a lentivirus that causes AIDS, transmitted through sexual contact and bodily fluids.
- HIV does not survive outside the body and cannot reproduce outside of the host cell.
- HIV's life cycle involves:
- Binding of gp120 to CD4 surface molecules on T helper cells and macrophages
- Fusion of viral envelope with cell membrane, releasing contents into the cell
- Conversion of RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase
- Integration of viral DNA into host cell chromosome
- Transcription and translation of viral genome to produce viral proteins
- Assembly and release of new viruses through budding
Phases of HIV Infection
- Acute phase: sharp peak in 10-12 weeks, symptoms include fever, and a rapid drop in T cells
- Clinical latency period: no symptoms, slow decrease in T cells, and increase in HIV
- AIDS stage: severe weakening of immune system, increase in HIV copies, and appearance of opportunistic infections
Symptoms of AIDS
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Infection of GI tract
Respiratory Symptoms
- TB
- Lung cancer
Neurological Symptoms
- Headaches
- Memory loss
- Skin disorders
- Herpes
- Thrush
- Eye infections
Treatment of HIV
- No cure for HIV, but anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can manage the infection
- Combination of nucleotide or nucleoside RT inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and other drugs
Retrovirus Structure and Replication
- Enveloped, spherical shape, 80-120nm in diameter
- Composed of phospholipid membrane, matrix, capsid, and enzymes (proteases, integrase, and reverse transcriptase)
- Genome: diploid, ssRNA, capped and polyadenylated
- Encodes at least 3 genes: gag, pol, and env
- Replication cycle: attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release
Viruses
Structure of a Virus
- Can be enveloped or unenveloped (naked)
- Composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and capsid
- Shapes: icosahedral, helical, or complex
- Highly symmetric
- Can contain RNA or DNA, but not both
- Can be double-stranded or single-stranded, linear or circular
Life Cycle of a Virus
- Attachment (adsorption) of virus to host cell receptor
- Penetration of virus into host cell through endocytosis or fusion with plasma membrane
- Uncoating of virus
- Synthesis of viral mRNA and protein
- Assembly and release of new viruses
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