Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Quiz

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

• Difficulty reading small print, even with glasses, and straight lines appearing wavy or distorted are symptoms of AMD
• There are two types: dry (most common, gradual, and causes central vision changes) and wet (quick, serious, and causes bleeding and scarring)

Wet AMD

• Develops quickly, causing serious changes in central vision
• Body grows new blood vessels to fix macula cells, but these vessels cause swelling, bleeding, and scarring, leading to blank patches in the center of sight

Ocular Myopathies

• Disease of the eye muscles in the elderly, causing progressive weakness of the ocular muscles
• Characterized by immobility of the eye and drooping of the upper eyelid
• Types: Ocular myasthenia, Ophthalmoplagia, Elbert-Lambert myasthenic syndrome, and Myotonic dystrophy

Ocular Myasthenia

• 2/3 of patients have ptosis and diplopia
• Clinical features: ptosis, diplopia, and nystagmoid movement

Ophthalmoplagia

• Group of disorders characterized by ptosis and slowly progressive bilateral ocular immobility
• Signs: bilateral ptosis and symmetrical loss of eye movement

Elbert-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome

• Signs: ptosis and diplopia

Myotonic Dystrophy

• Characterized by delayed muscular relaxation after cessation of voluntary effort
• Clinical features: early onset of cataract, mild pigmentary retinopathy, bilateral optic atrophy, and low intraocular pressure

Retinal Detachment

• Separation of the retina from its normal connection at the back of the eye
• Types: Rhegmatogenous (tear or break in the retina), Tractional (scar on the retinal surface), and Exudative (frequently caused by retinal diseases)

Symptoms of Retinal Detachment

• Sudden appearance of floaters
• Blurred vision
• Gradual reduction in peripheral vision
• Curtain-like shadow over the visual field
• Flashes of light in one or both eyes

Risk Factors and Causes of Retinal Detachment

• Age over 50 years
• Family history
• Severe myopia
• Previous eye surgery
• Previous eye injury
• Previous eye disease or inflammation
• Causes: sagging vitreous, injury, and advanced diabetes mellitus

Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal Detachment

• Retinal examination by ophthalmoscope
• Ultrasound
• Treatment: Laser, freezing (cryopexy), retinopexy (gas bubble in the eye), and vitrectomy

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

• Eye disease occurring in premature or low birth weight babies
• Abnormal blood vessels grow on the retina, which may shrink and disappear or continue to grow, causing retinal scarring

Factors Responsible for ROP

• Low birth weight
• Premature birth
• Anemia
• Blood transfusion
• Respiratory distress
• Breathing difficulties

Eye and Vision Problems of ROP

• Myopia
• Retinal detachment
• Amblyopia
• Strabismus
• Glaucoma
• Blindness