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Questions and Answers
Which of the following represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration?
Which of the following represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration?
What is the maximum volume of air one can breathe in after a forced expiration called?
What is the maximum volume of air one can breathe in after a forced expiration called?
Which volume is associated with the additional air one can expire after a normal inspiration?
Which volume is associated with the additional air one can expire after a normal inspiration?
The total volume of air accommodated in the lung after the end of a forced inspiration is known as what?
The total volume of air accommodated in the lung after the end of a forced inspiration is known as what?
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What is the additional volume of air a person can inspire by forcible inspiration called?
What is the additional volume of air a person can inspire by forcible inspiration called?
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What is the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the building?
What is the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the building?
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What is the height of the building with the given pressure readings?
What is the height of the building with the given pressure readings?
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What is the gage pressure in the liquid at a height of 13 meters?
What is the gage pressure in the liquid at a height of 13 meters?
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What is the specific heat of mercury in the given experiment?
What is the specific heat of mercury in the given experiment?
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What is the ratio of the gage pressure at two different depths of a liquid?
What is the ratio of the gage pressure at two different depths of a liquid?
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What is the expression for the gage pressure at a certain depth of a liquid?
What is the expression for the gage pressure at a certain depth of a liquid?
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What is the primary function of the collimator in a Gamma Camera?
What is the primary function of the collimator in a Gamma Camera?
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What is the material used to make the scintillation crystal in the detector?
What is the material used to make the scintillation crystal in the detector?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of interaction of gamma rays with the detector?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of interaction of gamma rays with the detector?
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What is the minimum energy required for pair production to occur?
What is the minimum energy required for pair production to occur?
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What is the result of the Compton effect?
What is the result of the Compton effect?
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What is produced when a gamma ray interacts with the strong electric field around the nucleus?
What is produced when a gamma ray interacts with the strong electric field around the nucleus?
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What is the purpose of the photocathode in the Gamma Camera?
What is the purpose of the photocathode in the Gamma Camera?
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What is the type of interaction that occurs when a low energy photon interacts with the outermost valence electron?
What is the type of interaction that occurs when a low energy photon interacts with the outermost valence electron?
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What is the primary reason why an unstable atom is said to be radioactive?
What is the primary reason why an unstable atom is said to be radioactive?
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What is the term used to describe a radioactive drug used for diagnosis or therapy?
What is the term used to describe a radioactive drug used for diagnosis or therapy?
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What is the purpose of a radionuclide in a radiopharmaceutical?
What is the purpose of a radionuclide in a radiopharmaceutical?
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What is the main difference between nuclear medicine imaging and other imaging techniques like x-rays or CT scans?
What is the main difference between nuclear medicine imaging and other imaging techniques like x-rays or CT scans?
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What is the primary function of a gamma camera in nuclear medicine?
What is the primary function of a gamma camera in nuclear medicine?
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What is the term used to describe the emissions from an unstable atom?
What is the term used to describe the emissions from an unstable atom?
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What is the purpose of a collimator in a gamma camera?
What is the purpose of a collimator in a gamma camera?
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What is the term used to describe the use of larger amounts of radiation to treat thyroid disease and cancer?
What is the term used to describe the use of larger amounts of radiation to treat thyroid disease and cancer?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal Volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the additional volume of air a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration
- Expiratory Reserve Volume is the additional volume of air a person can expire by a forcible expiration
Respiratory Capacities
- Functional Residual Capacity is the volume of air that remains in the lung after normal expiration
- Inspiratory Capacity is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration
- Expiratory Capacity is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration
- Vital Capacity is the maximum volume of air one can breathe in after a forced expiration
- Total Lung Capacity is the total volume of air accommodated in the lung after the end of a forced inspiration
Gamma Camera and Electronic Systems
- The electronic systems detect light energy from the detector and convert it into electrical signals.
Pressure and Height
- Pressure difference (ΔP) can be used to calculate the height of a building, given the density of air (ρ) and the acceleration due to gravity (g).
- Formula: ΔP = Pbottom - Ptop = ρgh, where h is the height of the building.
Gage Pressure in a Liquid
- The gage pressure in a liquid at a certain depth can be expressed as P = ρgh, where ρ is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height of the liquid.
- The gage pressure at two different depths of a liquid can be related by the formula: P2 = P1 × h2/h1.
Specific Heat of Mercury
- The specific heat of mercury can be calculated by measuring the temperature change (ΔT) when a sample of mercury absorbs a certain amount of energy (Q).
- Formula: specific heat = Q / (m × ΔT), where m is the mass of the mercury sample.
Radioactive Atom and Radiopharmaceutical
- An unstable atom is said to be radioactive, emitting excess energy or mass to reach stability.
- Radiation emissions can be in the form of alpha (α), beta (β), or gamma (γ) particles.
- A radiopharmaceutical is a radioactive drug used for diagnosis or therapy, consisting of a radionuclide and a carrier molecule.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging
- Nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of radioactive pharmaceuticals to image the body and diagnose disease.
- It helps doctors "view" how the body is functioning, rather than just its structure.
Gamma Camera
- A gamma camera is a device used to obtain an image of the distribution of a radiopharmaceutical in the body.
- It consists of three main parts: a collimator, a detector, and electronic systems.
The Collimator
- The collimator is usually made of lead and contains thousands of tiny holes.
- Only gamma rays that travel through the holes in the collimator will be detected.
The Detector
- The detector is a scintillation crystal, typically made of Sodium Iodide with traces of Thallium added.
- It converts gamma rays into light energy through mechanisms such as photoelectric effect, Compton scatter, and pair production.
Scintillation Detector
- The scintillation detector produces "fast electrons" with high kinetic energy when gamma rays interact with the crystal.
- The detector is usually paired with a photomultiplier tube to amplify the light signal.
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Description
Understand the different volumes and capacities of the respiratory system, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and more.
