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Questions and Answers
How does visceral pain affect respiration?
How does visceral pain affect respiration?
What happens to respiratory rate when blood pressure drops?
What happens to respiratory rate when blood pressure drops?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system primarily increases respiratory activity during exercise?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system primarily increases respiratory activity during exercise?
What effect does stretching the anal sphincter muscle have on respiration?
What effect does stretching the anal sphincter muscle have on respiration?
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How do irritants in the airways influence breathing?
How do irritants in the airways influence breathing?
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What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the smooth muscle of the lungs?
What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the smooth muscle of the lungs?
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What is the role of the pneumotaxic center in respiration?
What is the role of the pneumotaxic center in respiration?
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What effect does the contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle have on respiratory function?
What effect does the contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle have on respiratory function?
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What is the primary function of the dorsal respiratory center?
What is the primary function of the dorsal respiratory center?
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Which area is responsible for providing inhibitory impulses to prevent over-inflation of the lungs?
Which area is responsible for providing inhibitory impulses to prevent over-inflation of the lungs?
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During inhalation, which muscles are primarily stimulated by nerve impulses?
During inhalation, which muscles are primarily stimulated by nerve impulses?
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What is the duration of exhalation during quiet breathing?
What is the duration of exhalation during quiet breathing?
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What is the role of the apneustic area in respiration?
What is the role of the apneustic area in respiration?
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Which cluster of neurons is responsible for the basic rhythm of respiration?
Which cluster of neurons is responsible for the basic rhythm of respiration?
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What is the collective name for the groups of neurons involved in regulating respiration?
What is the collective name for the groups of neurons involved in regulating respiration?
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What happens to the diaphragm at the end of inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm at the end of inhalation?
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How does increased activity in the pneumotaxic area affect breathing?
How does increased activity in the pneumotaxic area affect breathing?
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What classification do the phrenic nerves fall under?
What classification do the phrenic nerves fall under?
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Which structure is responsible for the expiratory phase of respiration?
Which structure is responsible for the expiratory phase of respiration?
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What occurs during quiet breathing with regard to inhalation and exhalation durations?
What occurs during quiet breathing with regard to inhalation and exhalation durations?
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The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for innervating which structures?
The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for innervating which structures?
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What role does the inspiratory area play in respiration?
What role does the inspiratory area play in respiration?
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Which brain region primarily allows voluntary changes in breathing patterns?
Which brain region primarily allows voluntary changes in breathing patterns?
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What triggers the inspiratory area to resume breathing after it has been voluntarily suspended?
What triggers the inspiratory area to resume breathing after it has been voluntarily suspended?
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Where are central chemoreceptors primarily located?
Where are central chemoreceptors primarily located?
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Which of the following describes the effect of hyperventilation on CO2 levels?
Which of the following describes the effect of hyperventilation on CO2 levels?
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What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in respiration?
What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in respiration?
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What happens to the respiratory rate when pO2 levels in arterial blood fall significantly?
What happens to the respiratory rate when pO2 levels in arterial blood fall significantly?
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How does proprioceptor input affect breathing during exercise?
How does proprioceptor input affect breathing during exercise?
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What protective mechanism prevents the lungs from excessive inflation?
What protective mechanism prevents the lungs from excessive inflation?
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What influence does increased body temperature have on respiration?
What influence does increased body temperature have on respiration?
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Which of the following describes a physiological condition caused by elevated CO2 in the blood?
Which of the following describes a physiological condition caused by elevated CO2 in the blood?
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What is the chemical process when CO2 diffuses into cells and reacts with water?
What is the chemical process when CO2 diffuses into cells and reacts with water?
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What can result from severe deficiency of O2 in terms of chemoreceptor activity?
What can result from severe deficiency of O2 in terms of chemoreceptor activity?
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What is the usual pCO2 level in arterial blood under normal conditions?
What is the usual pCO2 level in arterial blood under normal conditions?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology II: Control of Respiration
- The respiratory center is located bilaterally in the medulla and pons.
- Three major centers regulate respiration: dorsal respiratory center, ventral respiratory center, and pneumotaxic center.
- The dorsal respiratory center controls inspiration.
- The ventral respiratory center controls both inspiration and expiration.
- The pneumotaxic center controls breathing rate and pattern.
Subtopics and Learning Outcomes
- Subtopic: Physiology of the respiratory system
- Learning Outcomes:
- Describe the role of the respiratory center in respiration.
- Explain the regulations of the respiratory center.
- Discuss the nervous control on smooth muscle of the lungs.
Respiratory Center: Medullary Rhythmicity Area
- The function of the medullary rhythmicity area is to control the basic rhythm of respiration.
- During quiet breathing, inhalation lasts about 2 seconds and exhalation lasts about 3 seconds.
- Nerve impulses generated in the inspiratory area establish the basic breathing rhythm.
- The inspiratory area is active for about 2 seconds.
- The inspiratory area becomes inactive and the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, causing exhalation for about 3 seconds.
- The cycle repeats.
Respiratory Center: Pneumotaxic Area
- The pneumotaxic area transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area.
- These impulses help turn off the inspiratory area before the lungs become overly full.
- The impulses shorten the duration of inhalation.
- Increased activity in the pneumotaxic area results in a more rapid breathing rate.
Respiratory Center: Apneustic Area
- This area sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area to prolong inhalation.
- The result is a long, deep inhalation.
- When the pneumotaxic area is active, it overrides signals from the apneustic area.
Nerves Used in Respiration
- Phrenic nerves: Stimulate the diaphragm's activity.
- Vagus nerve: Innervates the diaphragm, larynx, and pharynx; provides parasympathetic stimulation for the heart and digestive system.
- Posterior thoracic nerves: Stimulate intercostal muscles. They're somatic nerves.
Regulation of Respiratory Center
- The basic rhythm of respiration is set and coordinated by the inspiratory area.
- This rhythm can be modified by inputs from other brain regions, peripheral nervous system receptors, and other factors.
- It is controlled by:
- Cortical influences
- Chemoreceptor regulation
- Proprioceptor regulation
- Inhalation reflex
Cortical Influences on Respiration
- The cerebral cortex has connections with the respiratory center.
- This allows for voluntary control over breathing patterns.
- We can voluntarily alter our breathing rate and pattern.
- We can even refuse to breathe for a short time.
- Voluntary control protects against water or irritating gases entering the lungs.
Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration
- Chemoreceptors monitor CO2, H+, and O2 levels, providing input to the respiratory center.
- Central chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla oblongata; respond to changes in H+ concentration or pCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors: Located in the aortic and carotid bodies; respond to large decreases in arterial O2, respond to changes in H+, pCO2, or both, in the blood.
- CO2 diffuses into cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid. This breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
- An increase in CO2 results in an increase in H+, and a decrease in CO2 results in a decrease in H+.
Proprioceptor Stimulation of Respiration
- Proprioceptors in muscles and joints are stimulated by exercise or pain.
- They send nerve impulses to the inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata, increasing respiratory effort.
The Inhalation Reflex
- Stretch-sensitive receptors (baroreceptors) in the bronchi and bronchioles respond to lung stretch during over-inflation.
- This triggers the vagus nerves to inhibit the inspiratory and apneustic areas, causing exhalation.
- The reflex prevents excessive lung inflation.
Other Influences on Respiration
- Limbic system stimulation: Anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety can increase breathing rate and depth.
- Temperature: Increased body temperature (fever, exercise) increases respiration rate.
- Pain: Sudden pain can cause brief apnea (cessation of breathing). Prolonged pain increases the rate of breathing.
- Stretching anal sphincter: Increases respiratory rate, sometimes used to stimulate in newborns or those who've stopped breathing.
- Irritation of airways: Coughing and sneezing occur in response to physical or chemical irritation of the pharynx or larynx causing temporary cessation of breathing.
- Blood pressure: Changes in blood pressure have a small but notable effect on the respiration rate : increased blood pressure decreases respiration rate, decreased blood pressure increases respiration rate.
Nervous Control on Smooth Muscle of the Lungs
- Exercise and the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system cause the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine/norepinephrine, resulting in bronchodilation (relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle).
- Lung ventilation is improved due to increased air reaching the alveoli.
- The parasympathetic branch and substances such as histamine cause bronchoconstriction (contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle).
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Description
This quiz focuses on the control of respiration as covered in Anatomy and Physiology II. You will learn about the respiratory centers located in the medulla and pons, their functions, and how they regulate breathing. Test your knowledge on the nervous control of respiration and the physiology of the respiratory system.
