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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of upper respiratory viral infection?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of upper respiratory viral infection?
What is the main concern associated with lower respiratory viral infection?
What is the main concern associated with lower respiratory viral infection?
When is the seasonality of respiratory viruses typically observed?
When is the seasonality of respiratory viruses typically observed?
What is a key aspect of understanding respiratory viral infections?
What is a key aspect of understanding respiratory viral infections?
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Which type of virus is responsible for 10-15% of common colds?
Which type of virus is responsible for 10-15% of common colds?
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Which virus is known to cause respiratory infections that lead to multiple organ dysfunction?
Which virus is known to cause respiratory infections that lead to multiple organ dysfunction?
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Which virus is the largest RNA virus known?
Which virus is the largest RNA virus known?
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Which virus has the potential for pandemic spread, especially after spillover from bat-borne viruses?
Which virus has the potential for pandemic spread, especially after spillover from bat-borne viruses?
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Which type of virus has the largest host range?
Which type of virus has the largest host range?
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Which virus is responsible for most human influenza infections?
Which virus is responsible for most human influenza infections?
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Which virus type is responsible for causing acute kidney injury?
Which virus type is responsible for causing acute kidney injury?
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Which virus binds to sialic acid receptors through its HA proteins?
Which virus binds to sialic acid receptors through its HA proteins?
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'Reassortment' occurs most commonly in which type of influenza virus?
'Reassortment' occurs most commonly in which type of influenza virus?
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'Antigenic drift' occurs most frequently in which type of influenza virus?
'Antigenic drift' occurs most frequently in which type of influenza virus?
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'Internalisation' of the virus occurs through endocytosis in which type of influenza virus?
'Internalisation' of the virus occurs through endocytosis in which type of influenza virus?
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Which virus is responsible for pleomorphic symptoms?
Which virus is responsible for pleomorphic symptoms?
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Which virus is responsible for over 50% of Upper Respiratory TI?
Which virus is responsible for over 50% of Upper Respiratory TI?
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What is the most common cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children?
What is the most common cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children?
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What is the primary cause of the 'common cold'?
What is the primary cause of the 'common cold'?
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Which virus prefers a temperature of 32°C?
Which virus prefers a temperature of 32°C?
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Which virus has been responsible for more hospitalizations in vaccinated children and caused deaths?
Which virus has been responsible for more hospitalizations in vaccinated children and caused deaths?
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Which virus is transmitted through aerosols/microdroplets and fomites?
Which virus is transmitted through aerosols/microdroplets and fomites?
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Which virus has the potential for zoonotic spillover?
Which virus has the potential for zoonotic spillover?
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Which virus has maternal immunization as an antibody treatment known as palivizumab or Synagis?
Which virus has maternal immunization as an antibody treatment known as palivizumab or Synagis?
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'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by which virus?
'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by which virus?
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Which virus has three groups/species (A, B, and C) with approximately 160 serotypes identified?
Which virus has three groups/species (A, B, and C) with approximately 160 serotypes identified?
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Which virus does not currently have a vaccine available?
Which virus does not currently have a vaccine available?
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Which virus causes syncytia, mostly observed in cell culture, and is linked to the development of asthma right upper lobe atelectasis?
Which virus causes syncytia, mostly observed in cell culture, and is linked to the development of asthma right upper lobe atelectasis?
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Respiratory viruses are not a significant burden on public health.
Respiratory viruses are not a significant burden on public health.
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Influenza virus is not associated with lower respiratory failure.
Influenza virus is not associated with lower respiratory failure.
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Respiratory viruses are not known to exhibit seasonality.
Respiratory viruses are not known to exhibit seasonality.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) does not cause bronchiolitis in children.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) does not cause bronchiolitis in children.
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Respiratory viral infections are not associated with multiple organ dysfunction.
Respiratory viral infections are not associated with multiple organ dysfunction.
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Influenza virus does not have the potential for pandemic spread.
Influenza virus does not have the potential for pandemic spread.
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RSV is responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections in infants and young children.
RSV is responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections in infants and young children.
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Rhinovirus primarily uses CDHR3 receptor for cellular entry.
Rhinovirus primarily uses CDHR3 receptor for cellular entry.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has a vaccine available for treatment.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has a vaccine available for treatment.
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Rhinoviruses prefer a temperature of 37°C for optimal replication.
Rhinoviruses prefer a temperature of 37°C for optimal replication.
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RSV replication can be limited by oxidative stress.
RSV replication can be limited by oxidative stress.
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Coronaviruses have only been found to infect birds among the listed animals.
Coronaviruses have only been found to infect birds among the listed animals.
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Rhinovirus is responsible for over 50% of upper respiratory tract infections.
Rhinovirus is responsible for over 50% of upper respiratory tract infections.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) primarily uses sialic acid receptors for cellular entry.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) primarily uses sialic acid receptors for cellular entry.
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Rhinoviruses exhibit similar cytokine production regardless of their serotypes.
Rhinoviruses exhibit similar cytokine production regardless of their serotypes.
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A vaccine trial with Rhinovirus failed to generate stable antibodies against the pre-fusion glycoprotein.
A vaccine trial with Rhinovirus failed to generate stable antibodies against the pre-fusion glycoprotein.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes atelectasis and respiratory failure in infected individuals.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes atelectasis and respiratory failure in infected individuals.
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Rhinovirus is transmitted through aerosols/microdroplets and fomites.
Rhinovirus is transmitted through aerosols/microdroplets and fomites.
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Coronaviruses are responsible for over 50% of common colds.
Coronaviruses are responsible for over 50% of common colds.
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Influenza A and B are responsible for most human influenza infections.
Influenza A and B are responsible for most human influenza infections.
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Coronavirus has been responsible for more hospitalizations in vaccinated children and caused deaths.
Coronavirus has been responsible for more hospitalizations in vaccinated children and caused deaths.
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SARS-CoV-2 has the potential for zoonotic spillover.
SARS-CoV-2 has the potential for zoonotic spillover.
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Influenza has maternal immunization as an antibody treatment known as palivizumab or Synagis.
Influenza has maternal immunization as an antibody treatment known as palivizumab or Synagis.
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Coronaviruses prefer a temperature of 32°C.
Coronaviruses prefer a temperature of 32°C.
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Influenza A has the largest host range.
Influenza A has the largest host range.
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'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by Coronavirus.
'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by Coronavirus.
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Influenza symptoms do not include upper respiratory viral infection.
Influenza symptoms do not include upper respiratory viral infection.
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Coronavirus is the largest RNA virus known.
Coronavirus is the largest RNA virus known.
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'Reassortment' occurs most commonly in Influenza A virus.
'Reassortment' occurs most commonly in Influenza A virus.
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'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by Influenza.
'Respiratory failure' is more likely to be caused by Influenza.
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Study Notes
- Respiratory viruses cause various respiratory infections, including upper respiratory tract infections (runny nose, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis) and lower respiratory tract infections (bronchiolitis, pneumonia, respiratory failure).
- Important respiratory viruses include Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
- Influenza virus:*
- Classified as a negative-sense ssRNA virus.
- Causes severe respiratory illness, especially in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
- Annually causes 3-5 million severe cases and up to 650,000 deaths worldwide.
- Virions are pleomorphic and contain 10 genes encoding 11 proteins.
- Spread through respiratory droplets and close contact.
- RSV:*
- First discovered in 1956 and is the leading cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children.
- Virtually all children are infected by age 2 and are reinfected throughout life.
- Causes upper and lower respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and respiratory failure.
- Divided into two subtypes A and B based on the F and G proteins.
- Transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact.
- Common features of respiratory viruses:*
- Both RSV and influenza viruses can cause syncytia and inflammation, which can lead to more serious conditions, such as respiratory failure.
- Both viruses have mechanisms to evade the immune response and delay apoptosis, allowing them to persist in the host.
- RSV pathogenesis:*
- Incubation period of 2-8 days.
- Can lead to serious complications, such as atelectasis and respiratory failure.
- Infection results in inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased mucous production.
- Can trigger the development of asthma.
- RSV diagnosis and treatment:*
- Diagnosis is typically done through PCR or rapid antigen tests.
- No vaccine or treatment is currently available.
- Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is available for high-risk children.
- Rhinovirus:*
- Commonly causes the 'common cold' and is responsible for over 50% of upper respiratory tract infections.
- Three groups/species of rhinovirus: A, B, and C.
- Uses ICAM1 and CDHR3 receptors for attachment.
- Transmitted through aerosols/microdroplets and fomites.
- Rhinovirus pathogenesis:*
- Can cause exacerbations of asthma.
- Disrupts the junctions between cells, leading to increased airway responsiveness.
- Results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Description
Learn about the burden, history, epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, and similarities and differences between important respiratory viruses in this educational quiz by Dr. Marine Petit. Understand the symptoms and characteristics of upper respiratory viral infections.
