86 Questions
What is considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
Alveoli
Where does the trachea bifurcate to form the left and right bronchi?
Bronchi
What structure in the respiratory system facilitates diffusion between arteries and veins?
Capillary
Which part of the brain responds to changes in Carbon Dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid?
Medulla oblongata
What structures move mucus to the back of the throat in the nose?
Cilia
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Diaphragm
What covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Where are bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia found?
Nasal Cavity
What term is used to describe decreased oxygen in the blood?
Hypoxemia
Which condition is characterized by increased carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypercapnia
What is the top priority for a person with kyphosis?
Breathing
Which anatomical abnormality is generally observed in pregnant mothers?
Lordosis
What condition is associated with a COPD patient having a barrel chest?
Emphysema
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Diaphragm
What determines the amount of carbon dioxide in the body?
Alveolar respiration
'Respiratory insufficiency develops if there is too much interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion.' Which of the following is NOT a cause of respiratory insufficiency?
Increased surfactant levels
Where can arterial blood gases (ABGs) be obtained from?
The radial artery
Which of the following best describes crackles (rales) in lung sounds?
Static-like or rubbing hair strands together near one's ear
What do wheezes sound like?
Hissing or whistling sounds
Which diagnostic test is used to visualize the larynx, trachea, and bronchi?
Bronchoscopy
What does a pulse oximeter measure?
Oxygen saturation of arterial blood
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary function studies?
Assessing lung functional ability
Sonorous wheezes are characterized by being:
Lower pitched and heard in trachea and bronchi
What is the purpose of a V-Q scan in diagnostic tests?
Viewing arterial circulation of the lungs
What term is used to describe decreased oxygen in the blood?
Hypoxemia
Which condition is characterized by increased CO2 in the blood?
Hypercapnia
Which factor contributes to airway resistance?
Rate of air flow
What happens to the alveolar walls in gerontologic considerations?
They become thinner
What respiratory factor decreases in older adults according to gerontologic considerations?
Muscle tone
What should be assessed regarding exercise tolerance in a respiratory history?
Level of fatigue
What is a characteristic of bronchial breath sounds?
Produced by air movement through the trachea
During lung assessment, what should you inspect the nose for?
Signs of injury or inflammation
What is the main function of the pleural membrane?
Facilitates gas exchange
Which part of the respiratory system prevents swallowing of food during breathing?
Epiglottis
What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Facilitates gas exchange
In respiratory physiology, what condition results in poor ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion?
Respiratory insufficiency
Which component controls the rate and depth of ventilation in the human body?
Medulla and pons in the brain
What is the purpose of arterial blood gases (ABG's) in respiratory testing?
Evaluates oxygen saturation in the blood
What is NOT part of gas exchange in the pulmonary circulation?
Bronchial circulation
What aspect of ventilation/perfusion ratio indicates effectiveness of airflow within alveoli?
'Ventilation' vs 'perfusion'
During lung assessment, which condition would be indicated by increased sputum production or a change in the color or consistency of mucus?
Bronchitis
In gerontologic considerations, which factor contributes to the diminished lung expansion in older adults?
Loss of lung elasticity
What would be a common physical assessment finding in a patient with asthma during a respiratory examination?
Use of accessory muscles
Which condition is characterized by a decreased level of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypocapnia
In breath sounds assessment, what are bronchovesicular sounds characterized by?
Normal breath sounds heard between trachea and upper lungs
What is a significant sign of respiratory distress that can be observed during a physical examination?
Skin discoloration
In the context of respiratory physiology, what does an increased CO2 primarily form in body fluids?
Carbonic acid
What happens to the pH level in the body when there is a decreased CO2 concentration?
Increases
Which condition develops if there is excessive interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion?
Respiratory insufficiency
What is the primary function of the pleura in the respiratory system?
Lubricate the lung surfaces
What respiratory factor directly impacts the pH balance in the body?
CO2 concentration
Which anatomical abnormality is typically seen in COPD patients with a barrel chest?
Barrel chest itself
In respiratory physiology, what is the primary function of alveolar respiration?
Determining pH balance in the body
'Respiratory insufficiency develops if there is interference with ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion.' Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of respiratory insufficiency?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the primary function of the capillaries in the respiratory system?
Facilitating gas exchange between arteries and veins
During inhalation, which structure actively contracts to increase thoracic volume?
Diaphragm
What is the main role of the nasal cavity in the respiratory system?
Filtering out harmful particles from inhaled air
Which part of the brain responds to changes in hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid?
Medulla oblongata
What are the two external openings that admit air to both the lungs and olfactory nerves?
Nostrils
Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing?
Epiglottis
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Diaphragm
Which of the following is NOT involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
Trachea-bronchi thoracic arteries
What term describes decreased oxygen in the blood?
Hypoxia
Which structure acts as a flap to prevent swallowing food during breathing?
Epiglottis
Which type of circulation is NOT involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
Bronchial circulation
In respiratory physiology, what condition results from poor ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion?
Respiratory insufficiency
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG's) are used to assess which aspects of respiratory function?
O2, CO2, and pH levels
Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio is an indicator of what within the alveoli?
Airflow efficiency
What is the primary purpose of a pulse oximetry test as mentioned in the text?
Measures oxygen saturation of arterial blood
Which test is most suitable for viewing the arterial circulation of the lungs?
Pulmonary angiography
In respiratory assessments, where can sonorous wheezes be most commonly heard?
Trachea and bronchi
What is the primary function of a ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan in diagnostic tests?
Evaluates ventilation-perfusion abnormalities
During which diagnostic test would you visualize the pleural cavity directly?
Bronchoscopy
What aspect of arterial blood gases is NOT typically determined during testing?
Carbon monoxide levels
Which term best describes crackling or grating sounds heard during inspiration and expiration in lung assessments?
Friction rubs
'Crackles' in lung sounds are most similar to which non-medical sound?
'raindrops on a window'
From which artery can arterial blood gases (ABGs) be obtained for assessment?
Brachial artery
What do crackles in lung sounds resemble?
Rice Krispies in milk
Where are sonorous wheezes (formerly rhonchi) most commonly heard?
Trachea and bronchi
What is the primary function of pulse oximetry in diagnostic testing?
To determine oxygen saturation of arterial blood
What is the main purpose of a pulmonary angiography test?
To view arterial circulation of the lungs
What is the primary function of bronchoscopy as a diagnostic test?
To visualize the larynx and trachea
During which diagnostic test is a ventilation-perfusion scan typically performed?
Lung scans
What is the primary reason for performing sputum studies in respiratory assessment?
To evaluate pathogenic microorganisms and cancer cells
What is the main aim of a lung scan as a diagnostic test?
To evaluate ventilation-perfusion status
What is the primary purpose of thoracentesis as a diagnostic test?
To remove excess air or fluid between visceral and parietal pleurae
Study Notes
- Alveoli are small sacs responsible for gas exchange and considered the functional unit of the lungs.
- The trachea bifurcates at the carina to form the left and right bronchi.
- Capillaries act as a connection between arteries and veins, facilitating diffusion in the respiratory system based on gradient increases.
- Ventilation is controlled by respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons, responding to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations.
- Cilia are fine hairs in the nose that move mucus to the back of the throat.
- The diaphragm, an accessory structure, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- The epiglottis is a cartilaginous valve flap that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing.
- The nasal cavity contains bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia.
- Nostrils are external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves.
- Oxygen concentration is higher in alveoli than in capillaries during inspiration.
- The pharynx, divided into three continuous areas, carries air from the nose to the larynx and food from the mouth to the esophagus.
- The pleural membrane consists of the visceral pleura covering the lung surface and the parietal pleura covering the chest wall.
- Respiration involves exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmospheric air, blood, and cells.
- The trachea is a hollow tube composed of smooth muscles supported by C-shaped cartilage.
- Key concepts include gas exchange between organs and pulmonary circulation, neurologic control of ventilation, and mechanisms like diffusion and alveolar respiration.
Test your knowledge on respiratory system vocabulary including terms like hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and lung elasticity loss. Also, assess your understanding of conditions like fibrosis, atelectasis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
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