Respiratory System Regulation

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What is the location of the voluntary control system?

Medulla

Cervical spinal cord

Thoracic spinal cord

Cerebral cortex (correct)

What is responsible for activating the diaphragm?

Cervical spinal cord

Thoracic spinal cord

Phrenic nerves (correct)

Medulla

What inhibits the motor neurons to the expiratory muscles when the inspiratory muscles are active?

Pacemaker cells

Descending pathways (correct)

Spinal reflexes

Activity in agonists

What type of neurons are involved in the autonomic control of breathing?

Pacemaker cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are the motor neurons to the inspiratory muscles located?

Cervical and thoracic spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What type of tracts transmit impulses from the voluntary control system to the respiratory motor neurons?

Corticospinal tracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the descending pathways in the control of breathing?

Excitation of agonists and inhibition of antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the reciprocal innervation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles?

Combined action of spinal reflexes and descending pathways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor responsible for the rhythmic discharge of motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles?

Nerve impulses from the brain Signup and view all the answers

What happens to breathing if the spinal cord is transected above the origin of the phrenic nerves?

Breathing stops Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neural control of breathing control system?

To adjust the rate of ventilation to ensure optimal gas exchange in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What type of control is exerted by the neurons in the cortex?

Voluntary control Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a change in environmental conditions from normoxic to hypoxic on the rate of ventilation?

The rate of ventilation increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mechano and chemoreceptors in the system?

To sense changes in the force/displacement and arterial levels of gases and metabolites Signup and view all the answers

How many separate neural mechanisms regulate respiration?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the neural control of breathing control system responds to changes in environmental conditions?

Alterations in arterial pO2, pCO2, and H+ concentration Signup and view all the answers

What appears to be the primary function of the post-inspiratory output?

To break the lungs' elastic recoil and make respiration smooth Signup and view all the answers

Which group of neurons is responsible for initiating rhythmic respiration?

Pacemaker cells in the pre-botzinger complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of damaging the pneumotaxic center?

Respiration becomes slower and tidal volume greater Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vagi in respiration?

To modify the rhythmic discharge of medullary neurons Signup and view all the answers

Where are the main components of the respiratory control pattern generator located?

In the medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the pre-botzinger complex and motor neurons?

They are connected and the connection can be abolished by sections Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tongue in respiration?

To regulate airway resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cutting the vagi in anesthetized animals?

Prolonged inspiratory spasm that resemble breath holding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decrease in H+ concentration of arterial blood when PO2 falls?

HB is a weaker acid than HbO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in ventilation on respiration?

It inhibits respiration Signup and view all the answers

Why are the stimulatory effects of hypoxia on ventilation not clearly manifest until they become strong enough?

Because of the counterbalancing inhibitory effects of a decline in arterial H+ concentration and PCO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of respiration during sleep?

It is less rigorously controlled Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ventilatory response to hypoxia during sleep?

It varies Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a decrease in PCO2 during sleep?

It inhibits respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration characterized by?

Periodic breathing Signup and view all the answers

In which disease states is Cheyne-Stokes respiration commonly seen?

Heart failure and uremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the failure of the genioglossus muscle to contract during inspiration?

The tongue moves backward and obstructs the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common stage of sleep during which apneic episodes occur?

REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of frequent apneas during sleep?

Numerous brief awakenings during sleep and daytime sleepiness Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle accidents?

Obstructive sleep apnea Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term complication of untreated sleep apnea?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of sleep apnea?