Regulation of HCl Secretion in Sympathetic Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Match the following respiratory system processes with their descriptions:

Pulmonary ventilation = Air in and out of lungs External respiration = Gas exchange between lungs and blood Transport = Transportation of O2 & CO2 Internal respiration = Gas exchange between blood and tissues

Match the following respiratory system organs with their functions:

Nose = When we inhale, air moistens and warms Pharynx = Includes the nasopharynx (nose area), oropharynx (mouth area), and laryngopharynx (lower throat area) Lungs = Respiratory zone where gas exchange happens Alveoli = Part of the respiratory zone, where gas exchange happens

Match the following respiratory system muscles with their descriptions:

Diaphragm = Involved in the process of pulmonary ventilation External intercostal muscles = Assist in expanding the thoracic cavity during inhalation Internal intercostal muscles = Assist in compressing the thoracic cavity during exhalation Smooth muscle = Present in the bronchioles

Match the following respiratory structures with their corresponding types of epithelium:

Oropharynx = Stratified squamous Laryngopharynx = Stratified squamous Trachea = Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Bronchi = Simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory volumes with their definitions:

Tidal volume (TV) = Amount of air moved in one cycle (regular breathing cycle) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = Air that can be forced in beyond the tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Air that can be evacuated from lungs after tidal expiration Residual Volume (RV) = The air left even after forcing as much air out after exhalation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory processes with their corresponding pressure changes:

Inhalation (Inspiration) = Volume increases, Pressure decreases Exhalation (Expiration) = Volume decreases, Pressure increases Intrapulmonary pressure = Pressure within the alveoli (lungs) Intrapleural pressure = Pressure within the pleural sac (between the visceral and parietal pleura) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cells in the alveoli with their characteristics:

Type 1 Cells = Simple Squamous Type 2 Cells = Simple Cuboidal, Secrete a surfactant Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their key features:

Liver = 4 lobes Large Intestine = 4 areas Stomach = Peristalsis - waves of contraction that move bolus/food forward Rectum = Inferior half of sacrum Signup and view all the answers

Match the following digestive processes with their definitions:

Ingestion = Food entering mouth deglutition/swallowing Propulsion = Movement of food through GI tract Peristalsis -> major means of movement Digestion = Broken down into physical and chemical breakdown of food Mechanical digestion -> movement oriented (chewing, segmentation etc) Chemical digestion -> complex molecules broken down into chemical components Absorption = Transport of nutrients into bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sphincters with their control:

Internal Sphincter = Control over external but not internal sphincter External Sphincter = Control over external but not internal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of gastric secretion with their descriptions:

Cephalic Phase = Preparation for food entry P. symp nervous system (vagus) controls this (+) Sight, smell, taste or thought of good (-) depression, loss of appetite Gastric Phase = Once food enters - enhanced secretion (+) chemoreceptors ->peptides, caffeine, rising pH (+)Stomach distension-> stretch receptors (+) neural -> plexuses (+) hormonal -> secretion of gastrin (-) pH lower than 2 (-) emotional upset overriding p. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gas laws with their descriptions:

Dalton's Law = Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of the individual gases Henry's Law = The more pressure you exert on gas over a solution/liquid, the gas will dissolve proportionately into the liquid to its own partial pressure Fick's Law = Describes the factors that affect the rate of diffusion of gases Hemoglobin Saturation Curve = Shows the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to gas exchange with their definitions:

Ventilation = Amount of gas reaching alveoli (lungs) Perfusion = The amount of blood flow reaching the alveoli (lungs) Partial Pressure Gradients = The difference in partial pressure of gases that drives their diffusion across membranes Hemoglobin Saturation = The percentage of heme groups in hemoglobin that have oxygen bound to them Signup and view all the answers

Match the following equations with the correct gas exchange process:

$CO2 + H2O \rightarrow H2CO3 \rightarrow H+ + HCO3-$ = Carbon dioxide transportation in blood $PO2 = 760mmHg \times 0.21$ = Partial pressure of oxygen in air $PO2 = 100mmHg \rightarrow 40mmHg$ = Partial pressure of oxygen change in external respiration $PO2 = 40mmHg \rightarrow 100mmHg$ = Partial pressure of oxygen change in internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their effects on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen:

$pCO2$ = Increase decreases the affinity for oxygen Temperature = Increase decreases the affinity for oxygen $H+$ = Increase decreases the affinity for oxygen DPG = Increase decreases the affinity for oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory terms with their correct descriptions:

Hyperventilation = Increased depth and rate of breathing to assist in flushing CO2 Hypoventilation = Slow and shallow breathing to assist in retaining CO2 Hypoxic drive = When pCO2 levels are chronically high, the chemoreceptors get desensitized and body relies on pO2 levels as respiratory stimulus Arterial pH = Changes in arterial pH can modify respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the digestive system with their correct descriptions:

Oral cavity = Includes hard & soft palates, and uvula that triggers epiglottis Esophagus = Continuation of the pharynx and carries solids and liquids to stomach Stomach = Includes cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, and rugae Small Intestine = Includes duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ileocecal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stomach cells with their correct secretions:

Mucous neck Cells = Mucus Parietal Cells = HCL and intrinsic factor Chief cells = Pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells = Gastrin, histamine, cholecystokinin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following small intestine structures with their correct descriptions:

Plicae circulares = Circular folds of the mucosa Villi = Fingerlike projections for mucosa Microvilli = Villi on each individual cell Lacteals = Lymphatic vessel of the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory control components with their descriptions:

Medullary Respiratory DRG = Sets basic breathing rate VRG = Involved in forced breathing (inspiration and expiration) Pontine Respiratory Group = Smoothes breathing Central Chemoreceptors = Monitor levels of pCO2 in CNS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects with their definitions:

Haldane Effect = Removing O2 from Hemoglobin increases the ability of hemoglobin to then go and pick up CO2 and CO2 generated H+ Bohr Effect = At the tissue level, as more CO2 enters blood, more O2 dissociated with hemoglobin Pulmonary irritant reflexes = Irritants promote reflexive constriction of airways Respiratory Control center = Signals to the body to increase ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following chemical reactions with their descriptions:

$CO2 + H2O \rightarrow H+ + HCO3^-$ = CO2 links up with H2O and kicks off the fancy formal resulting in H+ and HCO3 $H+ + CO2 \rightarrow Respiratory Control Center$ = H+ and CO2 bind to the Central Chemoreceptor on the medulla (through the CSF) which then sends a signal to the Respiratory Control center $Increase arterial pCO2 \rightarrow Decrease in pH$ = Increase in arterial pCO2 leads to a decrease in pH $Increase ventilation \rightarrow Decrease in CO2 in body$ = Increase in ventilation leads to a decrease in CO2 in the body Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in respiration:

Respiratory centers = Activate respiratory muscles Phrenic and intercostal nerves = Used by DRG & VRG to communicate actions Cerebral motor cortex = Responsible for voluntary breathing, ex holding breath Limbic system = Controls breathing during emotional situations, ex having anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the digestive system with their functions:

Large Intestine = Absorb water and electrolyte, compact remaining material to feces Stomach = Relax ileocecal sphincter allows chyme to move to large intestine Rectal Walls = Distention stimulates contraction of rectal walls Enteric Nervous System = Largest and most complex unit of the peripheral nervous system containing the GI tract Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of control with their descriptions:

Intrinsic Control = Stimulus (food, stretch etc) ->receptors (chemo-mechano etc) ->local enteric nerve plexus->smooth muscle or glands create response -> response is contraction or secretion Extrinsic Control = Stimulus (seeing/smelling food) ->CNS ->local nerve plexus -> smooth muscle or glands create response -> response is contraction or secretion Local Mechanisms = Respond to changes in pH, physical and chemical stimuli Neural & Hormonal = Coordinate glands to enhance or inhibit smooth muscle Digestion & Absorption of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reflexes with their functions:

Gastroileal reflex = Relax ileocecal sphincter allows chyme to move to large intestine Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors = Detect stimulus: Stretch, osmolarity, pH, presence of substrate, end products Enteric Nervous System = Controls GI tract motility Intrinsic (short/local) reflexes = Initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their roles in the digestive system:

Gastrin = Relax ileocecal sphincter allows chyme to move to large intestine Intrinsic Hormones = Activate or inhibit digestive glands GI hormones = Influence smooth muscle Extrinsic Hormones = Arise from outside the GI tract like CNS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gastrointestinal hormones with their functions:

Gastrin = Increase secretion of HCl and pepsinogen, enhance gastric motility, help maintain digestive tract lining Secretin = Stimulate pancreatic duct cells to produce NaHCO3, stimulate liver to produce NaCO3 rich bile, inhibit gastric emptying, inhibit gastric secretion CCK (cholecystokinin) = Inhibit gastric motility and secretion, stimulate pancreatic acinar cells to secrete pancreatic enzymes, contract the gallbladder GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide) = Stimulate insulin release, inhibit gastric activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their functions:

Liver = Produce bile, process blood-borne nutrients, store fat-soluble vitamins, detoxify Gallbladder = Store and concentrate bile, release bile via cystic duct Pancreas (Endocrine Functions) = Maintains blood glucose levels, release insulin to bring BGL down, release glucagon to bring BGL up Pancreas (Exocrine functions) = Digestion, secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regulation mechanisms with their descriptions:

HCL secretion regulation = HCl is low if only 1 ligand binds to parietal cells, HCl is high if all 3 ligands bind to parietal cells Gastric emptying regulation = Gastric emptying controlled by enterogastric reflex & enterogastrone, carb-rich food moves fast through duodenum, fat-rich food digested more slowly in stomach Bile release regulation = Fatty & acidic chyme signals to duodenum to secrete CCK and secretin, secretin and bile salts stimulate liver to produce more bile, CCK stimulate vagus nerve causing gallbladder contraction Pancreatic secretion regulation = Secretin and CCK released when fatty & acidic chyme enters duodenum, CCK helps pancreas secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, Secretin helps pancreas secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their stimulants:

Gastrin = Stimulated by protein Secretin = Stimulated by presence of acid in duodenum CCK (cholecystokinin) = No specific stimulant mentioned in the text GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide) = No specific stimulant mentioned in the text Signup and view all the answers