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Questions and Answers
How would Boyle's Law explain the mechanics of breathing?
How would Boyle's Law explain the mechanics of breathing?
- As the volume of the lungs decreases, the pressure inside the lungs increases, maintaining a constant air flow.
- As the volume of the lungs increases, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, causing air to rush in. (correct)
- As the volume of the lungs decreases, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, causing air to rush in.
Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
- It decreases surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse. (correct)
- It facilitates the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane.
- It increases surface tension, promoting alveolar collapse.
- It neutralizes harmful toxins, protecting the alveoli from damage.
How would you best describe the process external respiration?
How would you best describe the process external respiration?
- Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. (correct)
- Gas exchange between the blood and tissues.
- The use of oxygen by cells to produce energy.
- Air movement into and out of the lungs.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet inspiration?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet inspiration?
What is the functional significance of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?
What is the functional significance of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?
How does the Haldane effect relate to carbon dioxide transport?
How does the Haldane effect relate to carbon dioxide transport?
What role do the medulla oblongata and pons play in breathing?
What role do the medulla oblongata and pons play in breathing?
Which factor would cause a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, indicating a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Which factor would cause a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, indicating a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
How does anatomical dead space affect alveolar ventilation?
How does anatomical dead space affect alveolar ventilation?
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of airflow from the nose to the alveoli?
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of airflow from the nose to the alveoli?
Flashcards
Ventilation
Ventilation
Breathing; the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
External Respiration
External Respiration
Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
Transport
Transport
The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood.
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
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Nasal Cavity Functions
Nasal Cavity Functions
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Pharynx Function
Pharynx Function
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Larynx Function
Larynx Function
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Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Zone
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory Membrane
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Study Notes
- Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
- External respiration involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
- Transport refers to the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Internal respiration is gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.
- The respiratory system functions in gas exchange, blood pH regulation, voice production, olfaction, and protection.
- The upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
- The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Accessory organs include the oral cavity, rib cage and diaphragm.
- The nasal cavity filters, warms, and humidifies air; it also detects odors.
- Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air.
- The pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.
- The larynx functions in voice production and routes air and food into the proper channels.
- The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing.
- The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.
- Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) protect the vocal cords.
- Vocal folds (true vocal cords) vibrate to produce sound.
- The trachea (windpipe) extends from the larynx to the bronchi.
- The bronchial tree consists of branching air passages that lead to the lungs.
- The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange in the lungs.
- An alveolus is a tiny air sac in the lung.
- Alveolar sacs are clusters of alveoli.
- The respiratory membrane is formed by the alveolar and capillary walls, and allows gas exchange.
- The lungs are divided into lobes and are the primary organs of respiration.
- Visceral pleura covers the lungs.
- Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
- Pleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
- Non-respiratory air movements include coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawning.
- Mechanical ventilation is the physical process of inspiration and expiration.
- Inspiration involves contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
- Expiration is usually passive, but forced expiration involves contraction of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
- Quiet inspiration is achieved by the diaphragm and external intercostals.
- Forced inspiration involves additional muscles like sternocleidomastoid and scalenes.
- Quiet expiration is passive, while forced expiration involves abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.
- The lungs receive blood from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries.
- Lymphatic vessels remove fluid and debris from the lungs.
- Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (P1V1 = P2V2).
- Intra-alveolar pressure decreases during inspiration and increases during expiration.
- Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.
- Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.
- Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
- Compliance is the ease with which the lungs can be expanded, decreased by factors, such as fibrosis, and increased by factors such as emphysema.
- Spirometry measures lung volumes and capacities using a spirometer.
- Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the extra air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inspiration.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the extra air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal expiration.
- Residual Volume (RV) is the air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold (TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
- Vital Capacity (VC) is the total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV).
- Minute ventilation is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute.
- Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute.
- Anatomic dead space is the volume of air in the conducting airways.
- Physiological dead space is the volume of air in the respiratory zone that does not participate in gas exchange.
- Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air that reaches the alveoli per minute.
- Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases.
- Dalton's Law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
- Henry's Law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
- Diffusion of gases is affected by partial pressure gradients, surface area, diffusion distance, and gas solubility.
- Shunted blood is blood that bypasses the alveoli and does not participate in gas exchange.
- Physiologic shunt is a combination of anatomical shunt and blood that passes through poorly ventilated alveoli.
- Anatomical shunt is blood that bypasses the lungs entirely, such as in congenital heart defects.
- Oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma.
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma.
- The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of hemoglobin.
- Factors affecting hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen include: pH, temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and BPG.
- In tissues, the Oxygen Dissociation Curve shifts to the right, favoring oxygen unloading.
- In the lungs, the Oxygen Dissociation Curve shifts to the left, favoring oxygen loading.
- Adult hemoglobin (HbA) has a higher affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin (HbF).
- The Haldane Effect states that deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide.
- The Chloride Shift is the exchange of chloride and bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.
- The Bohr Effect states that a decrease in pH or an increase in PCO2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
- The medulla and pons regulate breathing.
- Regulatory processes during rhythmic breathing involve the medullary respiratory center, pontine respiratory group, chemoreceptors, and lung receptors.
- Apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing.
- Hyperventilation is an increased rate and depth of breathing.
- Hypercapnia is an elevated level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Hypocapnia is a decreased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.
- A chemoreceptor detects changes in chemical concentrations (O2, CO2, and H+).
- Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla and respond to changes in pH and PCO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies and respond to changes in PO2, PCO2, and pH in the blood.
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen affect the chemical control of ventilation by influencing chemoreceptor activity.
- The Hering-Breuer Reflex is a stretch reflex that prevents over-inflation of the lungs.
- The Hering-Breuer Reflex is more important in infants than in adults.
- Exercise increases ventilation due to increased oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production.
- Factors other than exercise that can modify ventilation include: conscious control, emotions, pain, and temperature.
- Respiratory adaptations to exercise include increased vital capacity and efficiency of gas exchange.
- Aging decreases lung elasticity, vital capacity, and blood oxygen levels.
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