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Nurs8022 Exam 3 Practice Exam (based from study guide) mix of med/hard q's
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Nurs8022 Exam 3 Practice Exam (based from study guide) mix of med/hard q's

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Questions and Answers

What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?

  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • External intercostals
  • Pulmonary surfactant
  • Pulmonary capillaries

    • What is the function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

  • Decrease alveolar surface tension (correct)
  • Maintain lung compliance
  • Increase alveolar surface tension
  • Facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli

    • Which vessels have a larger diameter: pulmonary arteries or systemic vessels?

  • They have similar diameters
  • Pulmonary arteries (correct)
  • Systemic vessels
  • The text does not specify

    • What is compliance a measure of in relation to the lungs and chest wall?

    <p>Distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures form the alveolocapillary membrane where gas exchange occurs?

    <p>Alveolar and capillary walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an increase in airway resistance during inspiration and expiration?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Preventing fluid accumulation and pathogen invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the carina located?

    <p>Where the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the work of breathing refer to?

    <p>The amount of work performed to overcome lung recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of type 2 alveolar cells?

    <p>Surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lymph vessels present in the lung?

    <p>In all supportive tissues of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures make up the conducting airways of the pulmonary system?

    <p>Trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

    <p>Contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the respiratory center located?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells work together to propel foreign material up and enable coughing?

    <p>Goblet cells and cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Deliver nutrients to lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?

    <p>Increased blood CO2 or H+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure divides into the right and left bronchi?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?

    <p>Dorsal respiratory group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?

    <p>CSF pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pleura in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Adheres firmly to the lungs to facilitate breathing movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of conducting airways in the pulmonary system?

    <p>Warm and humidify incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do peripheral chemoreceptors mainly respond to?

    <p>Hypoxia (low PaO2 levels)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?

    <p>MV = RR x TV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?

    <p>Type 2 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?

    <p>Facilitating gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carina in the respiratory system?

    <p>Divides trachea into right and left bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the lungs does perfusion exceed ventilation due to gravity?

    <p>Lower lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when ventilation exceeds perfusion in a specific area of the lungs?

    <p>High PaO2 and low PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction?

    <p>High ventilation (high V/Q ratio)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for delivering oxygen to the body through the lungs?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypocapnia (low carbon dioxide) have on breathing drive?

    <p>Decreases breathing drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pulmonary hypertension, the mean pulmonary artery pressure is typically above:

    <p>25 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by chronic mucus production and airway inflammation?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US related to the lungs?

    <p>Bronchogenic cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion plays a crucial role in initiating cardiac muscle contraction?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atria in the heart's cardiac cycle?

    <p>Receiving blood from systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Kussmaul respirations?

    <p>metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations characterized by?

    <p>Periods of gradual increase and decrease in breathing followed by apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do both atria and ventricles play in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Priming pumps and playing important roles in blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Decrease alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?

    <p>Type 2 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lung and chest wall, what is compliance a measure of?

    <p>Distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does surfactant primarily aim to decrease in the alveoli?

    <p>Alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?

    <p>Alveolocapillary membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to bronchoconstriction by causing too much ventilation in under-perfused areas of the lungs?

    <p>Increased V/Q ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does hypocapnia result in respiratory alkalosis and a decreased respiratory drive?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the left?

    <p>Increased affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves enlarged gas-exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls?

    <p>COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of alveolar gases in the lungs?

    <p>Carbon dioxide removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased perfusion and efficiency in the lungs?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cause of abnormal breathing patterns like Cheyne-Stokes respirations?

    <p>Central chemoreceptor stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce mucus in the respiratory system?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the visceral pleura?

    <p>Covering the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is surfactant produced?

    <p>Type 2 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Deliver nutrients to lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung structure contains alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the carina in the respiratory system?

    <p>Divides into right and left bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides alveolar structure in the lungs

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation has low pressure compared to systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the lymphatics in the lungs?

    <p>Preventing pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?

    <p>Increased CO2 and H+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers located on the pons?

    <p>Modify inspiratory depth and rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors send inhibitory impulses to the brainstem to limit excessive inspiration?

    <p>Stretch receptors in bronchiolar tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide levels in CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid bodies?

    <p>Hypoxemia (low PaO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?

    <p>Delivering air to parts where gas exchange happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?

    <p>RR * TV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normal V/Q ratio indicative of?

    <p>Excessive ventilation compared to perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which node is responsible for delaying the cardiac impulse to allow the atria to empty blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction?

    <p>AV node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers are responsible for fast conduction through large fibers and gap junctions that enhance velocity?

    <p>Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is activated by norepinephrine leading to vasoconstriction?

    <p>Alpha 1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adrenergic receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy)?

    <p>Beta 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic (vagal) nerves that innervate the SA node and AV fibers?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption, promote vasoconstriction, and consequently increase blood volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Vasopressin (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide is released in response to increased ventricular filling pressure and left ventricular dysfunction, exerting diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects?

    <p>Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center in the brainstem connects with the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate?

    <p>Brain stem vasomotor center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cancer can progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava lead to venous distention?

    <p>Lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type found in smooth muscle of arteries, GI tract, bladder, and bronchial tree responds to epinephrine only?

    <p>Beta 2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Atrial natriuretic peptide is released in response to stretch in the atria and has which effect on the body?"

    <p>Diuretic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?

    <p>Respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular ejection, which valves open completely?

    <p>Pulmonic and aortic semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase represents the time when the ventricles begin to open the pulmonary and aortic valves?

    <p>Phase 2: Isovolumetric ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is determined by the amounts of venous return to the ventricle and blood left in the ventricle after systole?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is directly related to decreased cardiac output if it exceeds the physiologic range?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Frank Starling Law primarily relate to in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The volume of blood at the end of diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Laplace Law suggest about ventricular dilation and contractile force?

    <p>Increased dilation leads to increased contractile force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the stroke volume in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Myocardial stretch/preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor indicates the efficiency of ventricular function?

    <p>Cardiac index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased cardiac index indicate in terms of heart function?

    <p>Decreased blood flow to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of atrioventricular valves in the heart?

    <p>Ensure one-way blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are primarily responsible for preventing retrograde blood flow in the heart?

    <p>Semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of heart rate generated by the AV node?

    <p>40-60 BPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which node in the heart is responsible for rapid impulse conduction through large fibers?

    <p>Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter causes vasodilation of bronchioles and skeletal muscle tissue?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy) in the heart?

    <p>Beta 1 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the SA node located in the heart?

    <p>Right atrium near entry of SVC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of parasympathetic (vagal) nerves in the heart?

    <p>Release acetylcholine to reduce heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter interacts with blood vessel alpha 1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do sympathetic nerves have on sinus node discharge?

    <p>Increases sinus node discharge rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of AV bundles within the heart?

    <p>To prevent re-entry of conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Purkinje fibers in the heart's electrical conduction system?

    <p>To provide rapid conduction through large fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Laplace Law in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>To influence the contractile force based on chamber radius and wall thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle, what event occurs?

    <p>Mitral and tricuspid valves close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the force of myocardial contraction in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The stretch during diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the atria in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>To act as primer pumps before ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased preload affect myocardial oxygen consumption in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>It represents increased myocardial oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Aortic semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreased afterload have on heart contractions in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Heart contracts more rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Phase 1 (atrial systole) in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>It signifies ventricles filling with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Frank-Starling Law in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>To determine contractility based on myocardial stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Phase 3 (ventricular ejection) of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The semilunar valves open fully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of isovolumetric ventricular systole in Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>To begin opening pulmonary and aortic valves by building pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by peaked T waves on ECG, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypophosphatemia?

    <p>Long-term use of phosphate enemas or laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is stored in muscle and bones, interacts with calcium, and is involved in neuro excitability?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Calcitonin in the body?

    <p>Decreases plasma calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with muscle weakness, constipation, and kidney stones might be suffering from:

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Calcification of soft tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of capillary hydrostatic pressure in the filtration process?

    <p>Pushes water from the capillary to interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force opposes reabsorption according to Starling's Hypothesis?

    <p>Interstitial oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to the pathophysiology of edema?

    <p>Venous obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point in the capillary does filtration occur due to a higher hydrostatic pressure compared to interstitial oncotic pressure?

    <p>Arterial end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation associated with localized edema?

    <p>Sprained ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily responsible for osmotic balance in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Sodium (Na)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone acts on the distal tubule of the kidney to promote sodium and water reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted in response to increased blood sodium levels and decreased renal perfusion?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do natriuretic peptides like ANP and BNP primarily promote in the body?

    <p>Sodium and water loss through urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation associated with generalized edema?

    <p>Swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of right heart failure?

    <p>Hypertensive heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?

    <p>Compliance of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery?

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cyanotic congenital defects?

    <p>Clubbing and squatting symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom commonly associated with right heart failure?

    <p>Sacral edema and nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defect leads to increased workload on the left side of the heart?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged right heart failure lead to as a consequence of left-sided backup?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is unique to cyanotic congenital heart defects?

    <p>Cyanosis and clubbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of defect is most likely to result in feeding difficulty and squatting episodes?

    <p>Tetralogy of Fallot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly seen in patients with pulmonary congestion as a result of left heart failure?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of congenital heart defect results in blood flowing from high-pressure left atria to low-pressure right atria?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the body?

    <p>increase sodium and water excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to hypernatremia manifesting as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and tachycardia?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes potassium (K+) to be pulled out of cells?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the role of angiotensin II?

    <p>Induces vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes isotonic solutions in terms of osmotic pressure?

    <p>Equal movement of water across membranes without changing solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Stimulates fluid balance restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte abnormality can be caused by hypoaldosteronism?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperchloremia on the body?

    <p>No specific symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hypernatremia in the body?

    <p>Decreased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes isotonic alterations in the body?

    <p>No change in solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital heart defect results in desaturated systemic blood flow and cyanosis?

    <p>Transposition of the great arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acquired systemic hypertension in children?

    <p>Renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the RAAS system in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Increase blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology behind hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

    <p>Left ventricle and aorta are underdeveloped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in desaturated blood entering the left atrium and mixing with desaturated blood in the right atrium?

    <p>Hypoplastic left heart syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition does oxygenated blood continuously circulate through the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Transposition of the great arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of systemic hypertension in children?

    <p>Decreased or absent pulses in lower extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in increased pulmonary venous return to the left side of the heart and subsequent hypertrophy of LV?

    <p>Hypoplastic left heart syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of tranposition of the great arteries regarding circulation?

    <p>Mild cyanosis that worsens after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in two separate parallel circuits for circulation with continuous flow of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?

    <p>transposition of the main arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which of the following structures are underdeveloped?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cyanosis in mixed defects of the heart?

    <p>Desaturated systemic blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vasculature anomaly results in two separate parallel circuits for oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?

    <p>Transposition of the great arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic hypertension in children is often associated with which underlying condition?

    <p>Renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiological outcome when systemic perfusion decreases as the patent ductus arteriosus closes?

    <p>Acidosis and hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality, decrease in blood volume, or decrease in blood pressure?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Cause thirst sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

    <p>Increases systemic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and hypotension?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions would there be isotonic alterations in the body?

    <p>Intestinal losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of potassium in the body?

    <p>Regulates ICF osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypernatremia?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key manifestation of water deficits in the body?

    <p>Headache, dry skin, dry mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of potassium in the body?

    <p>Essential for smooth muscle contraction and cardiac rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance can result from shifts between extracellular and intracellular compartments?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the inability of the heart to supply the metabolism with adequate circulatory volume and pressure?

    <p>Left heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?

    <p>Aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital heart defect is characterized by an abnormal communication between ventricles leading to shunting from the high-pressure left ventricle to the low-pressure right ventricle?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom associated with pulmonary over-circulation in large ventricular septal defects?

    <p>Poor weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which congenital heart defect does blood flow from the high-pressure left atria to the low-pressure right atria?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome includes defects such as VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary valve stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy?

    <p>Tetralogy of Fallot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a severe symptom associated with Tetralogy of Fallot that can occur with crying or exertion?

    <p>Hypercyanotic spell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery causing a left to right shunt?

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of untreated acyanotic defects that allow shunting from the high-pressure left heart to the lower-pressure right heart?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom can be seen with right heart failure as a result of backup into the pulmonary system from left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Hepatosplenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery in cyanotic defects?

    <p>Pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome associated with cyanotic defects due to obstruction causing increased right-sided pressure?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main manifestation of hypocalcemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness and constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of hyperphosphatemia?

    <p>Excessive phosphate enemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the manifestation of hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Neuromuscular irritability and convulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Kidneys conserve H+ ions and absorb bicarb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with hypocapnia?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of plasma calcium levels?

    <p>PTH increases via kidney reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from high phosphate enemas or renal failure?

    <p>Hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metabolic acidosis in the body?

    <p>Causes systemic increase in H+ ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be a consequence of hyperparathyroidism or excess vitamin D intake?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure according to Starling's Hypothesis?

    <p>Pushes water from the interstitial space back into the capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force plays a central role in filtration at the arterial end of the capillary?

    <p>Capillary hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the expected result if Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure was significantly reduced?

    <p>Decreased reabsorption from interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Edema related to sodium retention?

    <p>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily regulates sodium and water reabsorption back into circulation?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to venous end of the capillary if intersitial hydrostatic pressure increased significantly?

    <p>Reabsorption would increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically associated with inflammation and immune response causing proteins to leak into tissues?

    <p>Increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome if Interstitial oncotic pressure decreases significantly?

    <p>Increased filtration at arterial end of capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective mechanism is NOT mentioned in the text for preventing urinary tract infections?

    <p>Glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common pathogen associated with uncomplicated cystitis according to the text?

    <p>Escherichia coli (E.coli)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom that differentiates interstitial cystitis from other urinary tract infections?

    <p>Chronic pelvic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pyelonephritis primarily affects the renal pelvis and interstitium?

    <p>Acute pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the two-step process involved in bacterial infection leading to pyelonephritis as described in the text?

    <p>Attachment and inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of the early stages of chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>Frequency and dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathophysiological process behind the development of glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal structure is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the collecting ducts perform in the kidney?

    <p>Resorb sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal function is particularly affected in pediatric and aging populations?

    <p>Ability to remove excess water and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the urinary system, what type of muscle is found in the ureters?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney?

    <p>Regulate GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal disorder is characterized by the formation of mineral-based obstructions?

    <p>Renal calculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Smoking habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In renal functions, what does decreased ability to conserve nutrients lead to?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the collecting ducts in the kidney?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the urethral sphincters in males and females?

    <p>Control urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of midcortical nephrons compared to other nephron types?

    <p>They have more juxtaglomerular apparatuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulatory mechanism helps maintain constant glomerular filtration rate between 80-180 mmHg?

    <p>Myogenic mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protective mechanism helps prevent reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureters?

    <p>Presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of acute pyelonephritis affecting the renal medulla?

    <p>Infiltration of subcapsular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic pyelonephritis, what process can lead to atrophy, dilation, and diffuse scarring of tubules?

    <p>Progressive inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typical in older adults with chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of glomerulonephritis that leads to decreased GFR?

    <p>Glomerular scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to oliguria in severe or progressive glomerular disease?

    <p>Low serum albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of proteinuria leading to low serum albumin levels?

    <p>Immune complex formation in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presenting symptom in individuals with severe or progressive glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the kidney is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the decrease in GFR in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Increased permeability resulting in proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the kidney?

    <p>Transports solutes and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to activation and recruitment of immune cells and mediators in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Complement system activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is found in the bladder?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of neurogenic bladder?

    <p>Bladder dysfunction due to neurologic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal tumor is the most common and malignant, with risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension?

    <p>Renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of renal function is decreased in pediatric and aging populations?

    <p>Ability to conserve nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GFR is directly related to which factor in the glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Perfusion pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myogenic mechanism affects GFR by responding to changes in which pressure?

    <p>'Systemic' pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urinary obstructive disorders can lead to which condition characterized by anatomic or functional defects?

    <p>'Hydronephrosis''; Tubulointerstitial fibrosis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal disorders can result in an increased risk for which condition due to decreased ability to remove excess water?

    <p>'Generalized edema'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 'renal cortex' in the kidneys?

    <p>Maintains stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'tubuloglomerular feedback' in renal function?

    <p>Decrease in GFR when sodium filtration increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nephrotic syndrome produces

    <p>susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with chronic kidney failure have:

    <p>hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which finding will cause the resistance in blood vessels to be increased?

    <p>increased blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person's heartrate is reduced. what is happening physiologically?

    <p>stim of parasymp nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person has atherosclerosis, which physiological process has occurred

    <p>macrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals that create oxidative stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with MI is releasing angiotensin 2, how should the nurse interpret this finding

    <p>Counterproductive; it causes the heart to work harder</p> Signup and view all the answers

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