Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?
What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?
- Diaphragm (correct)
- External intercostals
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Pulmonary capillaries
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
- Decrease alveolar surface tension (correct)
- Maintain lung compliance
- Increase alveolar surface tension
- Facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli
Which vessels have a larger diameter: pulmonary arteries or systemic vessels?
Which vessels have a larger diameter: pulmonary arteries or systemic vessels?
- They have similar diameters
- Pulmonary arteries (correct)
- Systemic vessels
- The text does not specify
What is compliance a measure of in relation to the lungs and chest wall?
What is compliance a measure of in relation to the lungs and chest wall?
Which structures form the alveolocapillary membrane where gas exchange occurs?
Which structures form the alveolocapillary membrane where gas exchange occurs?
What causes an increase in airway resistance during inspiration and expiration?
What causes an increase in airway resistance during inspiration and expiration?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
Where is the carina located?
Where is the carina located?
What does the work of breathing refer to?
What does the work of breathing refer to?
What is the primary role of type 2 alveolar cells?
What is the primary role of type 2 alveolar cells?
Where are the lymph vessels present in the lung?
Where are the lymph vessels present in the lung?
What structures make up the conducting airways of the pulmonary system?
What structures make up the conducting airways of the pulmonary system?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
Where is the respiratory center located?
Where is the respiratory center located?
Which cells work together to propel foreign material up and enable coughing?
Which cells work together to propel foreign material up and enable coughing?
What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?
What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?
What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?
What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?
Which structure divides into the right and left bronchi?
Which structure divides into the right and left bronchi?
Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?
Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?
What do central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?
What do central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?
What is the role of pleura in the pulmonary system?
What is the role of pleura in the pulmonary system?
What is the function of conducting airways in the pulmonary system?
What is the function of conducting airways in the pulmonary system?
What do peripheral chemoreceptors mainly respond to?
What do peripheral chemoreceptors mainly respond to?
What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?
What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?
Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?
Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?
What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?
What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?
What is the role of carina in the respiratory system?
What is the role of carina in the respiratory system?
In which part of the lungs does perfusion exceed ventilation due to gravity?
In which part of the lungs does perfusion exceed ventilation due to gravity?
What happens when ventilation exceeds perfusion in a specific area of the lungs?
What happens when ventilation exceeds perfusion in a specific area of the lungs?
What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction?
What is the primary cause of bronchoconstriction?
Which process is responsible for delivering oxygen to the body through the lungs?
Which process is responsible for delivering oxygen to the body through the lungs?
What effect does hypocapnia (low carbon dioxide) have on breathing drive?
What effect does hypocapnia (low carbon dioxide) have on breathing drive?
In pulmonary hypertension, the mean pulmonary artery pressure is typically above:
In pulmonary hypertension, the mean pulmonary artery pressure is typically above:
Which condition is characterized by chronic mucus production and airway inflammation?
Which condition is characterized by chronic mucus production and airway inflammation?
What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US related to the lungs?
What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US related to the lungs?
Which ion plays a crucial role in initiating cardiac muscle contraction?
Which ion plays a crucial role in initiating cardiac muscle contraction?
What is the primary function of atria in the heart's cardiac cycle?
What is the primary function of atria in the heart's cardiac cycle?
What causes Kussmaul respirations?
What causes Kussmaul respirations?
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations characterized by?
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations characterized by?
What role do both atria and ventricles play in the cardiovascular system?
What role do both atria and ventricles play in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?
Which cells help prevent lung collapse by blocking water and hydrogen binding within alveoli?
What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?
What is the major muscle of breathing that performs 80% of the work of breathing?
In the lung and chest wall, what is compliance a measure of?
In the lung and chest wall, what is compliance a measure of?
What does surfactant primarily aim to decrease in the alveoli?
What does surfactant primarily aim to decrease in the alveoli?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the lungs?
Which of the following can lead to bronchoconstriction by causing too much ventilation in under-perfused areas of the lungs?
Which of the following can lead to bronchoconstriction by causing too much ventilation in under-perfused areas of the lungs?
In which condition does hypocapnia result in respiratory alkalosis and a decreased respiratory drive?
In which condition does hypocapnia result in respiratory alkalosis and a decreased respiratory drive?
What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the left?
What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the left?
Which condition involves enlarged gas-exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls?
Which condition involves enlarged gas-exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls?
What is the primary role of alveolar gases in the lungs?
What is the primary role of alveolar gases in the lungs?
Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased perfusion and efficiency in the lungs?
Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased perfusion and efficiency in the lungs?
What is the major cause of abnormal breathing patterns like Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
What is the major cause of abnormal breathing patterns like Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which cells produce mucus in the respiratory system?
Which cells produce mucus in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
Where is surfactant produced?
Where is surfactant produced?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
Which lung structure contains alveolar macrophages?
Which lung structure contains alveolar macrophages?
What is the function of the carina in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the carina in the respiratory system?
What provides alveolar structure in the lungs
What provides alveolar structure in the lungs
What is the main difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
What is the main difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
What is the primary role of the lymphatics in the lungs?
What is the primary role of the lymphatics in the lungs?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm for respiration?
What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?
What stimulates the brainstem respiratory centers to increase respiration?
What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers located on the pons?
What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers located on the pons?
Which receptors send inhibitory impulses to the brainstem to limit excessive inspiration?
Which receptors send inhibitory impulses to the brainstem to limit excessive inspiration?
What do the central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?
What do the central chemoreceptors in the brainstem reflect?
What mainly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid bodies?
What mainly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid bodies?
What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?
What is alveolar ventilation responsible for?
What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?
What is the formula for minute volume (MV)?
What is normal V/Q ratio indicative of?
What is normal V/Q ratio indicative of?
Which node is responsible for delaying the cardiac impulse to allow the atria to empty blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction?
Which node is responsible for delaying the cardiac impulse to allow the atria to empty blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction?
Which fibers are responsible for fast conduction through large fibers and gap junctions that enhance velocity?
Which fibers are responsible for fast conduction through large fibers and gap junctions that enhance velocity?
Which receptor type is activated by norepinephrine leading to vasoconstriction?
Which receptor type is activated by norepinephrine leading to vasoconstriction?
Which type of adrenergic receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy)?
Which type of adrenergic receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy)?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic (vagal) nerves that innervate the SA node and AV fibers?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic (vagal) nerves that innervate the SA node and AV fibers?
Which hormone acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption, promote vasoconstriction, and consequently increase blood volume and blood pressure?
Which hormone acts on kidneys to increase water reabsorption, promote vasoconstriction, and consequently increase blood volume and blood pressure?
Which peptide is released in response to increased ventricular filling pressure and left ventricular dysfunction, exerting diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects?
Which peptide is released in response to increased ventricular filling pressure and left ventricular dysfunction, exerting diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects?
Which center in the brainstem connects with the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate?
Which center in the brainstem connects with the parasympathetic nervous system via the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate?
In what type of cancer can progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava lead to venous distention?
In what type of cancer can progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava lead to venous distention?
Which receptor type found in smooth muscle of arteries, GI tract, bladder, and bronchial tree responds to epinephrine only?
Which receptor type found in smooth muscle of arteries, GI tract, bladder, and bronchial tree responds to epinephrine only?
"Atrial natriuretic peptide is released in response to stretch in the atria and has which effect on the body?"
"Atrial natriuretic peptide is released in response to stretch in the atria and has which effect on the body?"
Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?
Which center in the brainstem sets the basic automatic rhythm for respiration?
During ventricular ejection, which valves open completely?
During ventricular ejection, which valves open completely?
Which phase represents the time when the ventricles begin to open the pulmonary and aortic valves?
Which phase represents the time when the ventricles begin to open the pulmonary and aortic valves?
What is determined by the amounts of venous return to the ventricle and blood left in the ventricle after systole?
What is determined by the amounts of venous return to the ventricle and blood left in the ventricle after systole?
Which factor is directly related to decreased cardiac output if it exceeds the physiologic range?
Which factor is directly related to decreased cardiac output if it exceeds the physiologic range?
What does Frank Starling Law primarily relate to in the cardiac cycle?
What does Frank Starling Law primarily relate to in the cardiac cycle?
What does Laplace Law suggest about ventricular dilation and contractile force?
What does Laplace Law suggest about ventricular dilation and contractile force?
What determines the stroke volume in the cardiac cycle?
What determines the stroke volume in the cardiac cycle?
Which factor indicates the efficiency of ventricular function?
Which factor indicates the efficiency of ventricular function?
What does a decreased cardiac index indicate in terms of heart function?
What does a decreased cardiac index indicate in terms of heart function?
What is a major function of atrioventricular valves in the heart?
What is a major function of atrioventricular valves in the heart?
Which structures are primarily responsible for preventing retrograde blood flow in the heart?
Which structures are primarily responsible for preventing retrograde blood flow in the heart?
What is the normal range of heart rate generated by the AV node?
What is the normal range of heart rate generated by the AV node?
Which node in the heart is responsible for rapid impulse conduction through large fibers?
Which node in the heart is responsible for rapid impulse conduction through large fibers?
What is the primary location of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
What is the primary location of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
Which neurotransmitter causes vasodilation of bronchioles and skeletal muscle tissue?
Which neurotransmitter causes vasodilation of bronchioles and skeletal muscle tissue?
Which receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy) in the heart?
Which receptor stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy) and force of contraction (inotropy) in the heart?
Where is the SA node located in the heart?
Where is the SA node located in the heart?
What is the function of parasympathetic (vagal) nerves in the heart?
What is the function of parasympathetic (vagal) nerves in the heart?
Which neurotransmitter interacts with blood vessel alpha 1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction?
Which neurotransmitter interacts with blood vessel alpha 1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction?
What effect do sympathetic nerves have on sinus node discharge?
What effect do sympathetic nerves have on sinus node discharge?
What is the purpose of AV bundles within the heart?
What is the purpose of AV bundles within the heart?
What is the primary role of Purkinje fibers in the heart's electrical conduction system?
What is the primary role of Purkinje fibers in the heart's electrical conduction system?
What is the primary function of the Laplace Law in the cardiac cycle?
What is the primary function of the Laplace Law in the cardiac cycle?
During Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle, what event occurs?
During Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle, what event occurs?
What primarily determines the force of myocardial contraction in the cardiac cycle?
What primarily determines the force of myocardial contraction in the cardiac cycle?
What is the main role of the atria in the cardiac cycle?
What is the main role of the atria in the cardiac cycle?
How does increased preload affect myocardial oxygen consumption in the cardiac cycle?
How does increased preload affect myocardial oxygen consumption in the cardiac cycle?
Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta in the cardiac cycle?
Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta in the cardiac cycle?
What effect does decreased afterload have on heart contractions in the cardiac cycle?
What effect does decreased afterload have on heart contractions in the cardiac cycle?
What is the significance of Phase 1 (atrial systole) in the cardiac cycle?
What is the significance of Phase 1 (atrial systole) in the cardiac cycle?
What is the primary role of Frank-Starling Law in the cardiac cycle?
What is the primary role of Frank-Starling Law in the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during Phase 3 (ventricular ejection) of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during Phase 3 (ventricular ejection) of the cardiac cycle?
What is the function of isovolumetric ventricular systole in Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?
What is the function of isovolumetric ventricular systole in Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?
Which condition is characterized by peaked T waves on ECG, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea?
Which condition is characterized by peaked T waves on ECG, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea?
What is a common cause of hypophosphatemia?
What is a common cause of hypophosphatemia?
Which ion is stored in muscle and bones, interacts with calcium, and is involved in neuro excitability?
Which ion is stored in muscle and bones, interacts with calcium, and is involved in neuro excitability?
What is the primary function of Calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of Calcitonin in the body?
A patient with muscle weakness, constipation, and kidney stones might be suffering from:
A patient with muscle weakness, constipation, and kidney stones might be suffering from:
What is a common manifestation of hyperphosphatemia?
What is a common manifestation of hyperphosphatemia?
What is the primary role of capillary hydrostatic pressure in the filtration process?
What is the primary role of capillary hydrostatic pressure in the filtration process?
Which force opposes reabsorption according to Starling's Hypothesis?
Which force opposes reabsorption according to Starling's Hypothesis?
What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to the pathophysiology of edema?
What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to the pathophysiology of edema?
At which point in the capillary does filtration occur due to a higher hydrostatic pressure compared to interstitial oncotic pressure?
At which point in the capillary does filtration occur due to a higher hydrostatic pressure compared to interstitial oncotic pressure?
What is a common manifestation associated with localized edema?
What is a common manifestation associated with localized edema?
Which ion is primarily responsible for osmotic balance in the extracellular fluid?
Which ion is primarily responsible for osmotic balance in the extracellular fluid?
What hormone acts on the distal tubule of the kidney to promote sodium and water reabsorption?
What hormone acts on the distal tubule of the kidney to promote sodium and water reabsorption?
What hormone is secreted in response to increased blood sodium levels and decreased renal perfusion?
What hormone is secreted in response to increased blood sodium levels and decreased renal perfusion?
What do natriuretic peptides like ANP and BNP primarily promote in the body?
What do natriuretic peptides like ANP and BNP primarily promote in the body?
What is a common manifestation associated with generalized edema?
What is a common manifestation associated with generalized edema?
Which of the following is a common cause of right heart failure?
Which of the following is a common cause of right heart failure?
What is the primary difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
What is the primary difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?
Which congenital defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery?
Which congenital defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery?
What characterizes cyanotic congenital defects?
What characterizes cyanotic congenital defects?
What is a symptom commonly associated with right heart failure?
What is a symptom commonly associated with right heart failure?
Which defect leads to increased workload on the left side of the heart?
Which defect leads to increased workload on the left side of the heart?
What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?
What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?
What can prolonged right heart failure lead to as a consequence of left-sided backup?
What can prolonged right heart failure lead to as a consequence of left-sided backup?
What symptom is unique to cyanotic congenital heart defects?
What symptom is unique to cyanotic congenital heart defects?
Which type of defect is most likely to result in feeding difficulty and squatting episodes?
Which type of defect is most likely to result in feeding difficulty and squatting episodes?
What symptom is commonly seen in patients with pulmonary congestion as a result of left heart failure?
What symptom is commonly seen in patients with pulmonary congestion as a result of left heart failure?
Which type of congenital heart defect results in blood flowing from high-pressure left atria to low-pressure right atria?
Which type of congenital heart defect results in blood flowing from high-pressure left atria to low-pressure right atria?
What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the body?
What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the body?
Which condition can lead to hypernatremia manifesting as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and tachycardia?
Which condition can lead to hypernatremia manifesting as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and tachycardia?
What causes potassium (K+) to be pulled out of cells?
What causes potassium (K+) to be pulled out of cells?
In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the role of angiotensin II?
In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the role of angiotensin II?
What characterizes isotonic solutions in terms of osmotic pressure?
What characterizes isotonic solutions in terms of osmotic pressure?
What is the purpose of aldosterone in the body?
What is the purpose of aldosterone in the body?
What primarily stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What primarily stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Which electrolyte abnormality can be caused by hypoaldosteronism?
Which electrolyte abnormality can be caused by hypoaldosteronism?
What is the effect of hyperchloremia on the body?
What is the effect of hyperchloremia on the body?
What is the primary effect of hypernatremia in the body?
What is the primary effect of hypernatremia in the body?
What characterizes isotonic alterations in the body?
What characterizes isotonic alterations in the body?
Which congenital heart defect results in desaturated systemic blood flow and cyanosis?
Which congenital heart defect results in desaturated systemic blood flow and cyanosis?
What is the primary cause of acquired systemic hypertension in children?
What is the primary cause of acquired systemic hypertension in children?
What is the purpose of the RAAS system in the cardiovascular system?
What is the purpose of the RAAS system in the cardiovascular system?
What is the pathophysiology behind hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
What is the pathophysiology behind hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Which condition results in desaturated blood entering the left atrium and mixing with desaturated blood in the right atrium?
Which condition results in desaturated blood entering the left atrium and mixing with desaturated blood in the right atrium?
In what condition does oxygenated blood continuously circulate through the pulmonary circulation?
In what condition does oxygenated blood continuously circulate through the pulmonary circulation?
What is a common manifestation of systemic hypertension in children?
What is a common manifestation of systemic hypertension in children?
What results in increased pulmonary venous return to the left side of the heart and subsequent hypertrophy of LV?
What results in increased pulmonary venous return to the left side of the heart and subsequent hypertrophy of LV?
What is a distinguishing feature of tranposition of the great arteries regarding circulation?
What is a distinguishing feature of tranposition of the great arteries regarding circulation?
What results in two separate parallel circuits for circulation with continuous flow of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?
What results in two separate parallel circuits for circulation with continuous flow of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?
In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which of the following structures are underdeveloped?
In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which of the following structures are underdeveloped?
What is the primary cause of cyanosis in mixed defects of the heart?
What is the primary cause of cyanosis in mixed defects of the heart?
Which vasculature anomaly results in two separate parallel circuits for oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?
Which vasculature anomaly results in two separate parallel circuits for oxygenated and unoxygenated blood?
Systemic hypertension in children is often associated with which underlying condition?
Systemic hypertension in children is often associated with which underlying condition?
What is the pathophysiological outcome when systemic perfusion decreases as the patent ductus arteriosus closes?
What is the pathophysiological outcome when systemic perfusion decreases as the patent ductus arteriosus closes?
Which hormone is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality, decrease in blood volume, or decrease in blood pressure?
Which hormone is released when there is an increase in plasma osmolality, decrease in blood volume, or decrease in blood pressure?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
What is the primary function of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
What is the primary function of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
What is the primary role of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
What electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and hypotension?
What electrolyte imbalance is associated with manifestations such as convulsions, pulmonary edema, and hypotension?
In which conditions would there be isotonic alterations in the body?
In which conditions would there be isotonic alterations in the body?
What is a key function of potassium in the body?
What is a key function of potassium in the body?
Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys?
Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys?
What causes hypernatremia?
What causes hypernatremia?
What is a key manifestation of water deficits in the body?
What is a key manifestation of water deficits in the body?
What is the primary function of potassium in the body?
What is the primary function of potassium in the body?
What electrolyte imbalance can result from shifts between extracellular and intracellular compartments?
What electrolyte imbalance can result from shifts between extracellular and intracellular compartments?
Which condition involves the inability of the heart to supply the metabolism with adequate circulatory volume and pressure?
Which condition involves the inability of the heart to supply the metabolism with adequate circulatory volume and pressure?
What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?
What is a common risk factor for left heart failure?
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by an abnormal communication between ventricles leading to shunting from the high-pressure left ventricle to the low-pressure right ventricle?
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by an abnormal communication between ventricles leading to shunting from the high-pressure left ventricle to the low-pressure right ventricle?
What is a symptom associated with pulmonary over-circulation in large ventricular septal defects?
What is a symptom associated with pulmonary over-circulation in large ventricular septal defects?
In which congenital heart defect does blood flow from the high-pressure left atria to the low-pressure right atria?
In which congenital heart defect does blood flow from the high-pressure left atria to the low-pressure right atria?
Which syndrome includes defects such as VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary valve stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
Which syndrome includes defects such as VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary valve stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
What is a severe symptom associated with Tetralogy of Fallot that can occur with crying or exertion?
What is a severe symptom associated with Tetralogy of Fallot that can occur with crying or exertion?
Which type of defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery causing a left to right shunt?
Which type of defect allows shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery causing a left to right shunt?
What is a consequence of untreated acyanotic defects that allow shunting from the high-pressure left heart to the lower-pressure right heart?
What is a consequence of untreated acyanotic defects that allow shunting from the high-pressure left heart to the lower-pressure right heart?
What symptom can be seen with right heart failure as a result of backup into the pulmonary system from left-sided heart failure?
What symptom can be seen with right heart failure as a result of backup into the pulmonary system from left-sided heart failure?
Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery in cyanotic defects?
Which valve type ensures one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery in cyanotic defects?
What is a common outcome associated with cyanotic defects due to obstruction causing increased right-sided pressure?
What is a common outcome associated with cyanotic defects due to obstruction causing increased right-sided pressure?
What is the main manifestation of hypocalcemia?
What is the main manifestation of hypocalcemia?
What is a possible cause of hyperphosphatemia?
What is a possible cause of hyperphosphatemia?
Which ion has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate?
Which ion has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate?
What is the manifestation of hypomagnesemia?
What is the manifestation of hypomagnesemia?
What is the compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis?
What is the compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis?
Which condition is associated with hypocapnia?
Which condition is associated with hypocapnia?
What is the primary regulator of plasma calcium levels?
What is the primary regulator of plasma calcium levels?
Which condition can result from high phosphate enemas or renal failure?
Which condition can result from high phosphate enemas or renal failure?
What is the primary function of metabolic acidosis in the body?
What is the primary function of metabolic acidosis in the body?
Which condition can be a consequence of hyperparathyroidism or excess vitamin D intake?
Which condition can be a consequence of hyperparathyroidism or excess vitamin D intake?
What is the main role of Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure according to Starling's Hypothesis?
What is the main role of Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure according to Starling's Hypothesis?
Which force plays a central role in filtration at the arterial end of the capillary?
Which force plays a central role in filtration at the arterial end of the capillary?
What would be the expected result if Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure was significantly reduced?
What would be the expected result if Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure was significantly reduced?
What is the primary cause of Edema related to sodium retention?
What is the primary cause of Edema related to sodium retention?
Which hormone primarily regulates sodium and water reabsorption back into circulation?
Which hormone primarily regulates sodium and water reabsorption back into circulation?
What would happen to venous end of the capillary if intersitial hydrostatic pressure increased significantly?
What would happen to venous end of the capillary if intersitial hydrostatic pressure increased significantly?
Which condition is specifically associated with inflammation and immune response causing proteins to leak into tissues?
Which condition is specifically associated with inflammation and immune response causing proteins to leak into tissues?
What is the expected outcome if Interstitial oncotic pressure decreases significantly?
What is the expected outcome if Interstitial oncotic pressure decreases significantly?
Which protective mechanism is NOT mentioned in the text for preventing urinary tract infections?
Which protective mechanism is NOT mentioned in the text for preventing urinary tract infections?
What is the most common pathogen associated with uncomplicated cystitis according to the text?
What is the most common pathogen associated with uncomplicated cystitis according to the text?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates interstitial cystitis from other urinary tract infections?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates interstitial cystitis from other urinary tract infections?
Which type of pyelonephritis primarily affects the renal pelvis and interstitium?
Which type of pyelonephritis primarily affects the renal pelvis and interstitium?
What is the two-step process involved in bacterial infection leading to pyelonephritis as described in the text?
What is the two-step process involved in bacterial infection leading to pyelonephritis as described in the text?
Which symptom is characteristic of the early stages of chronic pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is characteristic of the early stages of chronic pyelonephritis?
What is the main pathophysiological process behind the development of glomerulonephritis?
What is the main pathophysiological process behind the development of glomerulonephritis?
Which renal structure is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
Which renal structure is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
What function do the collecting ducts perform in the kidney?
What function do the collecting ducts perform in the kidney?
Which renal function is particularly affected in pediatric and aging populations?
Which renal function is particularly affected in pediatric and aging populations?
In the urinary system, what type of muscle is found in the ureters?
In the urinary system, what type of muscle is found in the ureters?
What is the main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney?
What is the main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney?
Which renal disorder is characterized by the formation of mineral-based obstructions?
Which renal disorder is characterized by the formation of mineral-based obstructions?
What is a common risk factor for developing renal cell carcinoma?
What is a common risk factor for developing renal cell carcinoma?
In renal functions, what does decreased ability to conserve nutrients lead to?
In renal functions, what does decreased ability to conserve nutrients lead to?
What type of epithelium lines the collecting ducts in the kidney?
What type of epithelium lines the collecting ducts in the kidney?
What is the function of the urethral sphincters in males and females?
What is the function of the urethral sphincters in males and females?
What is a unique characteristic of midcortical nephrons compared to other nephron types?
What is a unique characteristic of midcortical nephrons compared to other nephron types?
What regulatory mechanism helps maintain constant glomerular filtration rate between 80-180 mmHg?
What regulatory mechanism helps maintain constant glomerular filtration rate between 80-180 mmHg?
Which protective mechanism helps prevent reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureters?
Which protective mechanism helps prevent reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureters?
What is a characteristic feature of acute pyelonephritis affecting the renal medulla?
What is a characteristic feature of acute pyelonephritis affecting the renal medulla?
In chronic pyelonephritis, what process can lead to atrophy, dilation, and diffuse scarring of tubules?
In chronic pyelonephritis, what process can lead to atrophy, dilation, and diffuse scarring of tubules?
Which symptom is typical in older adults with chronic pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is typical in older adults with chronic pyelonephritis?
What is a key feature of glomerulonephritis that leads to decreased GFR?
What is a key feature of glomerulonephritis that leads to decreased GFR?
Which factor contributes to oliguria in severe or progressive glomerular disease?
Which factor contributes to oliguria in severe or progressive glomerular disease?
In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of proteinuria leading to low serum albumin levels?
In glomerulonephritis, what is the primary cause of proteinuria leading to low serum albumin levels?
What is a common presenting symptom in individuals with severe or progressive glomerulonephritis?
What is a common presenting symptom in individuals with severe or progressive glomerulonephritis?
Which structure in the kidney is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
Which structure in the kidney is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?
What contributes to the decrease in GFR in glomerulonephritis?
What contributes to the decrease in GFR in glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle in the kidney?
What process leads to activation and recruitment of immune cells and mediators in glomerulonephritis?
What process leads to activation and recruitment of immune cells and mediators in glomerulonephritis?
What type of muscle is found in the bladder?
What type of muscle is found in the bladder?
What is the main characteristic of neurogenic bladder?
What is the main characteristic of neurogenic bladder?
Which renal tumor is the most common and malignant, with risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension?
Which renal tumor is the most common and malignant, with risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension?
What type of renal function is decreased in pediatric and aging populations?
What type of renal function is decreased in pediatric and aging populations?
GFR is directly related to which factor in the glomerular capillaries?
GFR is directly related to which factor in the glomerular capillaries?
Myogenic mechanism affects GFR by responding to changes in which pressure?
Myogenic mechanism affects GFR by responding to changes in which pressure?
Urinary obstructive disorders can lead to which condition characterized by anatomic or functional defects?
Urinary obstructive disorders can lead to which condition characterized by anatomic or functional defects?
Renal disorders can result in an increased risk for which condition due to decreased ability to remove excess water?
Renal disorders can result in an increased risk for which condition due to decreased ability to remove excess water?
What is the primary function of the 'renal cortex' in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the 'renal cortex' in the kidneys?
What characterizes 'tubuloglomerular feedback' in renal function?
What characterizes 'tubuloglomerular feedback' in renal function?
Nephrotic syndrome produces
Nephrotic syndrome produces
Individuals with chronic kidney failure have:
Individuals with chronic kidney failure have:
Which finding will cause the resistance in blood vessels to be increased?
Which finding will cause the resistance in blood vessels to be increased?
A person's heartrate is reduced. what is happening physiologically?
A person's heartrate is reduced. what is happening physiologically?
A person has atherosclerosis, which physiological process has occurred
A person has atherosclerosis, which physiological process has occurred
A person with MI is releasing angiotensin 2, how should the nurse interpret this finding
A person with MI is releasing angiotensin 2, how should the nurse interpret this finding
Flashcards
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
The major muscle responsible for 80% of the work of breathing. Contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
Pulmonary Surfactant
Pulmonary Surfactant
A lipoprotein produced by type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse.
Compliance
Compliance
The ability of the lungs and chest wall to stretch and expand during inspiration.
Alveolocapillary Membrane
Alveolocapillary Membrane
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Ventilation
Ventilation
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Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
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Conducting Airways
Conducting Airways
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Phrenic Nerve
Phrenic Nerve
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Work Of Breathing
Work Of Breathing
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Respiratory Center
Respiratory Center
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Cilia and Goblet Cells
Cilia and Goblet Cells
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Carina
Carina
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Dorsal Respiratory Group
Dorsal Respiratory Group
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Pleura
Pleura
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Tidal Volume (TV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Residual Volume (RV)
Residual Volume (RV)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Alveolar Ventilation
Alveolar Ventilation
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Minute Volume (MV)
Minute Volume (MV)
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Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio
Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis
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Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation
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Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
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Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
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Kussmaul Respiration
Kussmaul Respiration
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Hypoxia
Hypoxia
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Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia
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Hypocapnia
Hypocapnia
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Study Notes
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Description
University of Cincinnati Nurs8022 Spring 2024; based off notes from provided study guide.
