Respiratory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which structure primarily facilitates air exchange between the lungs and the blood?

  • Conchae
  • Bronchial tree (correct)
  • Nasal cavity
  • Larynx

What type of epithelium primarily lines the respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

  • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (correct)
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium

Which region of the pharynx serves as an air passage only?

  • Laryngopharynx
  • Nasopharynx (correct)
  • Hypopharynx
  • Oropharynx

What is the primary function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

<p>Secreting mucus (B)</p>
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What factors contribute to the warming and moistening of air in the nasal cavity?

<p>Paranasal sinuses and respiratory mucosa (A)</p>
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Which of the following structures contributes to the sense of smell?

<p>Olfactory area (D)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Warming and moistening air (B)</p>
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What type of tissue primarily makes up the lamina propria in the mucosa of the respiratory system?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p>
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Which type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (A)</p>
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What is the primary function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>To cover the glottis (C)</p>
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Which cartilage forms the complete ring in the larynx?

<p>Cricoid cartilage (D)</p>
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What is the role of Type II alveolar cells in the lungs?

<p>Secreting surfactant (C)</p>
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Which part of the respiratory system does not contain cartilage?

<p>Respiratory bronchioles (B)</p>
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What is the function of the glottis?

<p>Helps open/close the airway (A)</p>
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How does the bronchial circulation differ from pulmonary circulation?

<p>It nourishes lung tissue. (A)</p>
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary edema (B)</p>
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During which phase of ventilation do the diaphragm and external intercostals contract?

<p>Inspiration (D)</p>
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Which lung lobe contains the cardiac notch?

<p>Left superior lobe (D)</p>
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What primarily occurs at the alveolar level in the respiratory zone?

<p>Gas exchange between air and blood occurs (A)</p>
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p>
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Which of the following is true about emphysema?

<p>It causes the alveolar walls to break down. (C)</p>
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What is the primary composition of the pleura surrounding the lungs?

<p>Serous membrane (D)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the muscularis mucosa in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Facilitates the movement of mucosa (A)</p>
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Which salivary gland is located inferiorly and anteriorly to the ears?

<p>Parotid gland (D)</p>
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What type of teeth is present in primary dentition but absent in adult dentition?

<p>Premolars (B)</p>
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Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the myenteric nerve plexus?

<p>Muscularis externa (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of saliva?

<p>To initiate the digestion of carbohydrates (A)</p>
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Which structure is NOT part of the accessory organs of the digestive system?

<p>Stomach (D)</p>
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What type of epithelium lines the stomach and intestines?

<p>Simple columnar (A)</p>
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Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is primarily responsible for the overall motility of the tract?

<p>Muscularis externa (D)</p>
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Which part of the tooth is covered by enamel?

<p>Crown (D)</p>
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What type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

<p>Skeletal and smooth muscle (C)</p>
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Which type of cells in the stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid?

<p>Parietal cells (C)</p>
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What is the main function of the rugae in the stomach?

<p>Facilitate expansion without tearing (D)</p>
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Which section of the small intestine is primarily responsible for alkaline mucus secretion?

<p>Duodenum (B)</p>
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What role do Peyer's patches serve in the small intestine?

<p>Prevent infection and bacterial entry into the blood (C)</p>
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Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

<p>Pancreas (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of hepatocytes in the liver?

<p>Filter materials from the blood (D)</p>
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Which function do the taeniae coli serve in the large intestine?

<p>Help form pouches (D)</p>
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What is the role of the anal sphincters?

<p>Control the opening of the anus (A)</p>
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What type of membrane is the peritoneum classified as?

<p>Serous membrane (D)</p>
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Which part of the digestive system has no villi or folds?

<p>Large intestine (B)</p>
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What type of cells are primarily responsible for secreting insulin in the pancreas?

<p>Islets of Langerhans (D)</p>
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What is a characteristic of the gallbladder's structure?

<p>Has a muscular sac (D)</p>
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Flashcards

Respiratory System Subdivisions

The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower portions.

Nasal Cavity Function

Warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air, houses olfactory receptors (smell), and acts as a resonating chamber for speech.

Nasal Conchae

Bony projections in the nasal cavity that increase surface area and air turbulence for filtering and warming inhaled air.

Paranasal Sinuses Function

Air-filled spaces in the skull that warm and humidify inhaled air and lighten the skull's weight.

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Nasopharynx Function

Part of the pharynx that is an air passage, the upper part of the throat.

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Nasal Vestibule

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity not lined with mucosa; lined with skin and coarse hairs.

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Pharynx Regions

The pharynx is divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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Respiratory Mucosa

The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, except for the vestibule.

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Laryngopharynx Location

The laryngopharynx is the section of the pharynx located from the epiglottis to the larynx.

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Larynx Function

The larynx is an air passage only, responsible for voice production.

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Thyroid Cartilage

The largest laryngeal cartilage; forms the anterior wall of the larynx.

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Cricoid Cartilage Shape

The cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring in the larynx.

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Epiglottis Function

The epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from entering the trachea.

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Vocal Cords

Paired folds in the larynx mucosa that vibrate to produce sound.

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Glottis Definition

The space between the vocal cords, the opening of the larynx.

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Trachea Location

The trachea is the tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi; lies anterior to the esophagus.

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Trachea Cartilage Shape

The trachea's cartilage is C-shaped, crucial for allowing expansion of the esophagus.

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Alveoli Function

Alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits.

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Type II Alveolar Cells

Secrete surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, promoting lung expansion.

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Respiratory Membrane Location

Thin structure composed of the alveolar wall and capillary wall, a two membrane boundary for gas exchange which reduces diffusion distance.

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Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow to the lungs for gas exchange, (O2 to blood, CO2 to air).

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Bronchial Circulation

Supply blood to the lung tissues; a part of the systemic circulation, a separate route for blood nourishment of the lung tissue.

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GI Track

A long tube running from your mouth to your anus, responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients.

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Accessory Organs

Organs that help with digestion but aren't part of the GI tract itself, like teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

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Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, like chewing or churning.

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Chemical Digestion

Breaking down food molecules by using enzymes and acids.

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Mucosa

The innermost layer of the GI tract, responsible for protection and absorption.

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Submucosa

The layer beneath the mucosa, containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Muscularis Externa

The muscular layer of the GI tract responsible for movement and mixing of food.

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Serosa

The outermost layer of the GI tract, protecting it and reducing friction.

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Tooth Enamel

The outermost, hard layer of a tooth, composed of highly calcified, acellular material, making it the hardest tissue in the body. It protects the underlying dentin.

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Dentin

The majority of the tooth structure, located beneath the enamel, composed of living cells called odontoblasts. Dentin is harder than bone but softer than enamel.

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Cementum

A bone-like substance covering the root of a tooth, attaching it to the periodontal ligament. It is similar to bone but lacks blood vessels.

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Periodontal Ligament

A fibrous tissue that attaches the tooth to the bony socket, allowing for slight tooth movement and shock absorption.

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Root Canal

A hollow channel inside the tooth root, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, supplying the tooth with nutrients and feeling.

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Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

The parts of the pharynx located behind the oral cavity and larynx respectively, composed only of muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and stratified squamous epithelium.

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Esophagus Histology

The esophagus contains all four layers of the GI tract, with specific variations in the muscularis externa and presence of an adventitia.

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Cardiac Region (Cardia)

The first part of the stomach, connecting to the esophagus.

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Fundus

The dome-shaped upper part of the stomach, located above the esophageal opening.

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Pyloric Region (Pylorus)

The lower, narrower part of the stomach, containing the pyloric sphincter, a muscular valve controlling the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

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Gastric Juice Components

Gastric juice secreted by gastric glands contains chief cells (pepsinogen, gastric lipase), parietal cells (HCl), and G cells (gastrin).

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Small Intestine Segments

The duodenum (first segment), jejunum (middle), and ileum (last) are interconnected and specialized for nutrient absorption.

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Plicae Circulares

Submucosal folds in the small intestine increasing surface area for absorption, promoting nutrient uptake.

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Villi in the Small Intestine

Finger-like projections of mucosa into the lumen, containing blood capillaries and lacteals, enhancing absorption.

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Microvilli

Tiny projections on the surface of enterocytes, forming a 'brush border' that further increases surface area for nutrient absorption.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

  • Main functions: air movement in and out of lungs; gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between lungs and blood.
  • Two subdivisions: upper and lower respiratory systems.

Upper Respiratory System

  • Structures: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.
  • Lined with mucosa (except vestibules).
  • Epithelial tissue: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (filtering foreign matter).
    • Cilia move mucus, trapping and removing foreign particles.
    • Goblet cells secrete mucus.
  • Connective tissue (CT): lamina propria layer beneath epithelial tissue.

Lower Respiratory System

  • Structures: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs.
  • Lined with mucosa (except vestibules).
  • Epithelial tissue and CT similar to upper (generally).

Nose

  • Structure: supported by bone and hyaline cartilage.
  • Nostrils (nares).
  • Vestibule (anterior portion) is not lined with mucosa; has skin and coarse hairs, acting as a filter.

Nasal Cavity

  • Functions: airway passage, heating/moistening air, olfaction (smell), speech (resonance chamber).
  • Divided by nasal septum: anterior hyaline cartilage; posterior vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones.
  • Three areas: vestibule, respiratory area, olfactory area.
    • Respiratory area: posterior portion; ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with CT; conchae (superior, middle, inferior) protrude from walls; nasal meatuses (shallow grooves) create air turbulence, filtering dust. Lacrimal duct drains tears.
    • Olfactory area: roof of nasal cavity; olfactory receptors detect smell.

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Eight air-filled spaces in skull (paired).
  • Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae bones.
  • Open into nasal cavity.
  • Functions: warm/moisten air, lighten skull.
  • Sinusitis: inflammation of mucous membrane.

Pharynx (Throat)

  • Structure: skeletal muscle lined by mucous membranes.
  • Three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
    • Nasopharynx: air passage; contains pharyngeal tonsil; opens to auditory tubes.
    • Oropharynx: air and food passage; contains palatine and lingual tonsils, uvula, and epiglottis.
    • Laryngopharynx: air and food passage; extends from epiglottis to opening of larynx.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Structure: air passage; composed of 9 cartilages.
  • Three unpaired cartilages: thyroid (Adam's apple), cricoid, epiglottis (elastic cartilage, covers glottis during swallowing).
  • Three paired cartilages: arytenoid (attaches vocal cords, changes pitch).
  • Vocal cords: two pairs of folds in mucosa.
    • Vestibular folds (false vocal cords): no sound.
    • Vocal folds (true vocal cords): vibrate to produce sound (glottis: vocal cords + opening).
  • Laryngitis: inflammation of larynx, often from infection/irritation.

Trachea

  • Connects larynx to main bronchi.
  • Anterior to esophagus; composed of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.
  • Open part of C faces esophagus (flexibility).

Bronchial Tree

  • Components progressively branch into smaller tubes: main bronchi, bronchioles.
  • Epithelial tissue changes along the tree: pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal (simple cuboidal in terminal bronchioles) to squamous (in the alveolar regions).
  • No cartilage in the respiratory zone.

Lungs

  • Two lungs separated by mediastinum (heart).
  • Right lung: three lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Left lung: two lobes (superior, inferior); cardiac notch.
  • Pleura: serous membrane (visceral on lungs, parietal on thoracic wall).
  • Pleural cavity: fluid-filled; reduces friction during breathing.

Respiratory Zone

  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.
  • Gas exchange primarily occurs in alveoli.

Respiratory Membrane

  • Composed of alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries.
  • Three layers: alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium.
    • Type I alveolar cells: simple squamous, key for gas diffusion.
    • Type II alveolar cells: simple cuboidal, secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension).
    • Alveolar macrophages: remove debris.

Blood Supply to Lungs

  • Double circulation: pulmonary and bronchial circulation.
  • Pulmonary circulation: oxygenates blood.
  • Bronchial circulation (systemic): nourishes lung tissue.
    • Bronchial arteries (arise from aorta) carry oxygenated blood; bronchial veins (mostly) return blood to the left atrium via pulmonary veins

Clinical Applications

  • Pulmonary edema: fluid buildup in lungs.
  • Tuberculosis: respiratory membrane thickening; lung scarring.
  • Pulmonary embolism: blood clot in pulmonary vessels.
  • Pneumothorax: air in pleural cavity.
  • Emphysema: alveolar wall destruction; reduced gas exchange surface area.

Ventilation (Breathing)

  • Muscles involved: diaphragm and external intercostals.
  • Inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostals contract.
  • Expiration: diaphragm and external intercostals relax (passive).

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