أسئلة الاولي هستولوجي - ريسب (قبل التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main classifications of the respiratory system?

  • Lower respiratory tract and Gas exchange region
  • Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract (correct)
  • Upper respiratory tract and Oxygen transport system
  • Conducting portion and Gas exchange region

Which structure is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

  • Alveolar ducts (correct)
  • Trachea
  • Nasopharynx
  • Bronchioles

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal fossae?

  • Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium (correct)
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Simple squamous epithelium

Which part of the nasal fossae constitutes the olfactory region?

<p>Upper 1/3 of nasal fossae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands secretes a serous fluid that acts as a solvent for odorous gases?

<p>Bowman's glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily found in the olfactory mucosa?

<p>Olfactory (sensory) cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

<p>Warms and filters air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for the olfactory function in the respiratory system?

<p>Olfactory cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure serves as a rigid support structure in the respiratory system?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the pharynx and trachea?

<p>Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are basal cells located in the respiratory system?

<p>At the basal lamina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the maintenance of the olfactory epithelium's microenvironment?

<p>Sustentacular cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the pharynx in relation to the larynx?

<p>Projects from the upper rim of the larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microvilli play in sustentacular cells?

<p>Bind to junction complexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of laryngeal cartilages are considered elastic cartilage?

<p>Epiglottis and corniculate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves primarily to filter air within the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

<p>Vibrissae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the respiratory mucosa in the nasal fossae?

<p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nasal fossae is primarily responsible for olfaction?

<p>Olfactory region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells is most abundant in the olfactory mucosa?

<p>Neuroepithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Bowman's glands in the olfactory region?

<p>Secrete serous fluid to act as a solvent for odors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in the corium of the olfactory region?

<p>Dense fibroelastic connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for conditioning air in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Nasal cavities and sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the olfactory mucosa?

<p>Olfactory neuroepithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

<p>They bind to adjacent supporting cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is primarily found in the larger laryngeal cartilages such as the thyroid and cricoid?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the bipolar olfactory cells located within the olfactory epithelium?

<p>Between basal cells and supporting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT lined by pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium?

<p>The vocal cords (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells express abundant ion channels to maintain the microenvironment of the olfactory epithelium?

<p>Sustentacular cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily responsible for the regeneration of the olfactory epithelium?

<p>Basal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a protective function against pathogens in the respiratory system?

<p>Lymphatic nodules in the corium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is present in the pharynx?

<p>Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells, lining the pharynx.

Pharyngeal tonsils

Lymphatic structures located in the pharynx (adenoids).

Laryngeal cartilages

Cartilages supporting the larynx, some hyaline and some elastic.

Sustentcular cells

Supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium; maintain microenvironment for olfactory function.

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Olfactory cells

Sensory nerve cells that detect odors; bipolar nerve cells with cilia.

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Basal cells

Small, conical cells in the olfactory epithelium. Responsible for regeneration.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Appears layered but all cells contact the basement membrane. Found in the pharynx.

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Upper respiratory tract

Part of the respiratory system that conducts air to and from the lungs, while also conditioning the air.

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Lower respiratory tract

The part of the respiratory system for gas exchange in the lungs.

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Nasal cavities and sinuses

Structures in the upper respiratory tract that warm, filter and humidify the air.

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Respiratory mucosa

The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. It contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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Respiratory region

The lower two-thirds of the nasal cavity.

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Olfactory region

The upper one-third of the nasal cavity; responsible for smell.

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Vestibule

The external dilated part of the nasal cavity.

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Conchae

Bony structures within the nasal cavity that increase surface area for conditioning air.

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Olfactory mucosa

Specialized tissue in the nasal cavity containing olfactory sensory receptors.

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Bowman's glands

Glands in the olfactory region that secrete fluid to dissolve odorous gases.

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Neuroepithelium

A layer of tissue containing specialized nerve cells for the sense of smell.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Bronchi

Air passages that branch from the trachea and lead to bronchioles.

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Bronchioles

Smaller air passages that branch from the bronchi.

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Terminal bronchioles

The smallest branches of the bronchioles.

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Sustentacular cells

Supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium; maintain the environment for smell.

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Olfactory cells

Sensory nerve cells that detect odors; bipolar with cilia.

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Basal cells

Small cells in the olfactory epithelium responsible for regeneration.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Appears layered but all cells touch the base; lines the pharynx.

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Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Lymphatic tissue in the pharynx; part of the immune system.

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Laryngeal cartilages

Cartilage supporting the larynx; some hyaline, some elastic.

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Upper rim of larynx

The projection from the upper rim of the larynx.

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Upper Respiratory Tract

Part of the respiratory system that carries air to the lungs, filtering and conditioning it along the way.

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Lower Respiratory Tract

Part of the respiratory system responsible for gas exchange within the lungs.

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Respiratory Region (Nasal Cavity)

Lower two-thirds of the nasal cavity, lined with respiratory mucosa.

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Olfactory Region (Nasal Cavity)

Upper one-third of the nasal cavity, responsible for smell.

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Vestibule (Nasal Cavity)

The external, dilated part of the nasal cavity.

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Respiratory Mucosa

Mucous membrane lining the respiratory passages, containing specialized cells.

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Conchae

Bony structures inside the nasal cavity, increasing surface area for air conditioning.

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Olfactory Mucosa

Part of the nasal cavity containing smell receptors.

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Bowman's Glands

Glands in the olfactory region that secrete fluid to dissolve odorous gases.

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Neuroepithelium

Specialized nerve tissue in the olfactory region.

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Study Notes

Histology - Respiratory System (Lecture 1)

  • Respiratory System Classification (Structural):

    • Upper respiratory tract: Conducts air to and from lungs. Includes nasal cavities, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
    • Lower respiratory tract: Site of gas exchange. Includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

  • Respiratory System Classification (Functional):

    • Conducting portion: Conducts air to and from the lungs. Conditions the air (warming, humidifying, filtering).
    • Respiratory portion: Site of gas exchange (respiration). Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli where gases are exchanged.

  • Respiratory System Parts (Detailed):

    • Nasal Cavity:
      • Structure: Lined by a specialized pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (vibrissae filter air).
      • Contains goblet cells (mucus).
      • Vestibule: Exterior part, lined with skin and hairs (vibrissae). Separated into respiratory region (lower 2/3) and olfactory region (upper 1/3).
    • Nasal Fossae: 2 nasal fossae divided into respiratory region (inferior 2/3), and olfactory region (superior 1/3). Lined by mucosa.
    • Olfactory Mucosa: Located in the superior conchae of the nasal fossae, responsible for smell. Cells: sustentacular (supporting), olfactory (sensory), and basal (regeneration). Olfactory receptor neurons are bipolar with cilia for detecting odors. Bowman's glands produce fluid to dissolve odor molecules.
    • Nasopharynx: Upper part of the pharynx. Lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium) with goblet cells. Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
    • Larynx: Short tube between pharynx and trachea. Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (except vocal cords and parts of the epiglottis). Contains cartilages (hyaline and elastic): thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis. Contains vocal cords & folds.
    • Epiglottis: Projects from the upper rim of the larynx. Its lingual surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium and contains glands. Laryngeal surface is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. Acts as a valve to prevent food from entering the trachea.
    • Vocal Cords: 2 pairs of mucosal folds. Upper (false vocal cords): for protection. Lower (true vocal cords): for phonation. Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
    • Trachea: Rigid tube connecting to the lungs. Composed of hyaline cartilage rings. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, with goblet cells. Protects airways from foreign materials and debris.
    • Bronchi: Large airways that branch from the trachea into the lungs. Composed of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscles, and lining of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    • Bronchioles: Smaller airways than bronchi. Composed primarily of smooth muscle & connective tissue. Lack cartilage. Transition to simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles.
    • Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange in the lungs. Structure: thin-walled structures to facilitate gas exchange between blood and air. Lined by simple squamous epithelium.

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