Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

  • Regulates blood pH
  • Site of gas exchange
  • Directs air toward the respiratory zone (correct)
  • Permits vocal sounds

    • Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

    False

    What is the main purpose of respiration?

    The acquisition of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide.

    Gas exchange occurs at the blank in the lungs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures with their classification:

    <p>Nose = Upper respiratory system Larynx = Lower respiratory system Trachea = Lower respiratory system Pharynx = Upper respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves?

    <p>Nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The olfactory epithelium contains ciliated cells with goblet cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tonsils?

    <p>Trap pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ cartilage forms the anterior surface of the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple.

    <p>thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Larynx = Tube of nine rings of cartilage responsible for sound production Trachea = Tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi Oropharynx = Common passage for air and food Nasal conchae = Structure that swirls inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a landmark for tracheotomies?

    <p>Cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The false vocal cords come together to help produce sound.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the trachea's cartilage rings?

    <p>To keep the trachea patent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the ridge at the branch point where the trachea splits into the bronchi.

    <p>carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system to their function:

    <p>Vocal folds = Create sound through vibration Epiglottis = Cover the entrance to the larynx during swallowing Nasal cavity = Filter and warm inhaled air Tonsils = Trap pathogens in the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pleural fluid?

    <p>To reduce friction and provide surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inferior portion of the lungs is called the apex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the two pleural membranes called?

    <p>pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac notch provides space for the heart.

    <p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bronchi with their description:

    <p>Superior lobar bronchus = Branches into the superior lobe Middle lobar bronchus = Branches into the middle lobe (right lung only) Inferior lobar bronchus = Branches into the inferior lobe Segmental bronchi = Support individual bronchopulmonary segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the smaller compartments of each bronchopulmonary segment called?

    <p>Lobules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant___.

    <p>surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

    <p>Alveoli and associated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the alveolar ducts?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oblique fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes of the lung.

    <p>oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation is also known as expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction is responsible for regulating ventilation-perfusion coupling?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung structures with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Type I alveolar cells = Facilitate gas diffusion Type II alveolar cells = Secrete surfactant Bronchial arteries = Deliver oxygenated blood Pulmonary arteries = Bring deoxygenated blood to lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological effect of hyperventilation?

    <p>Increased blood pH to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocapnia can occur as a direct result of hypoventilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex prevents overinflation of lung tissue during exercise?

    <p>Inflation reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperventilation can lead to ___________ due to insufficient oxygen.

    <p>hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions or systems with their effects:

    <p>Tobacco smoking = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pulmonary perfusion = Extent of blood flow to the lungs Hypocapnia = Low PCO2 in the blood Limbic system = Affects breathing through emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of exercise on respiratory function?

    <p>Exercise increases ventilation of alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baroreceptors in the bronchioles sense stretching of the lungs to stimulate exhalation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased blood pressure on respiration rate?

    <p>Decreases respiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>To increase thoracic cavity volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is primarily an active process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intrapleural pressure during inhalation?

    <p>It becomes negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strenuous inhalation, the diaphragm may be depressed by up to _______ cm.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition.

    <p>Compliance = The distensibility of elastic tissues Diffusion = Movement of gas from high to low partial pressure Surfactant = Substance that reduces surface tension in alveoli Pleural effusion = Accumulation of pleural fluid in the cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles assist in active exhalation during vigorous exercise?

    <p>Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High lung compliance means less effort is required for ventilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas that moves from tissues into the blood during internal respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (CO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is ________ times more soluble in water than oxygen.

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of decreased atmospheric pressure at high altitudes?

    <p>Decreased difference in partial pressure of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total surface area of alveoli facilitates efficient gas exchange.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of oxygen transport in the blood?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ pressure within the pleural cavity is lower than atmospheric pressure.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung volumes and capacities to their descriptions.

    <p>Tidal Volume = Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath Vital Capacity = Maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation Residual Volume = Air remaining in lungs after exhalation Total Lung Capacity = Sum of all lung volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule does hemoglobin bind oxygen to?

    <p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average saturation of hemoglobin is calculated by the total amount of oxygen bound divided by the number of oxygen molecules available.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of respiration is oxygen delivered to the tissues?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases with lower pH, which indicates ________________ acidity.

    <p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increased partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) have on hemoglobin?

    <p>Increases oxygen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    70% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main forms of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

    <p>Dissolved in plasma, bound to proteins, transported as bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory center is primarily located in the ________________ and ________________ of the brain.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) differ from adult hemoglobin (Hb-A)?

    <p>Hb-F has a higher affinity for oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloride shift helps maintain the electrical balance in erythrocytes after carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the respiratory center to resume normal breathing after holding one's breath?

    <p>Increased PCO2 and H+ in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen:

    <p>Low pH = Decreases affinity High PCO2 = Decreases affinity High temperature = Decreases affinity 2,3-BPG = Decreases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate, which is produced by the dissociation of ________________ acid.

    <p>carbonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?

    <p>To sense changes in blood chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes use mitochondria for energy production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • Respiration is the process of acquiring oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. It occurs in three steps: pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange between the atmosphere and lungs), external respiration (gas exchange between lung tissues and blood), and internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and body tissues).

    Functions of Respiratory System

    • Exchanges gases
    • Regulates blood pH
    • Permits vocal sounds and the sense of smell; filters inhaled air; excretes wastes during exhalation. Oto(rhino)laryngology is the study of the respiratory system.

    Why Cells Need Oxygen

    • Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen to produce energy.

    Anatomy of Respiratory System

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.

    Lower Respiratory System

    • Includes larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

    Conducting Zone

    • Directs air to respiratory zone, filters, warms, and humidifies air.

    Respiratory Zone

    • Site of gas exchange, includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

    Nose

    • Composed of bone, cartilage, and connective tissues.
    • Air enters via external nares (nostrils).

    Nasal Cavity

    • Interior space of the nose, bounded by the oral cavity and nasal bones.
    • Nasal bones keep air passages unobstructed.
    • Divided into left and right halves by the nasal septum.
    • Contains paranasal sinuses (lined with mucous membranes, vibrate for vocalization), nasal conchae (swirl inhaled air), and olfactory epithelium (sensory receptors for smell, no goblet cells).

    Pharynx

    • A tube of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane extending from internal nares to cricoid cartilage.
    • Divided into:
    • Nasopharynx (superior): lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, sweeps mucus into pharynx.
    • Oropharynx (intermediate): opening from mouth is fauces, common passage for air and food, lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, contains tonsils (trap pathogens).
    • Laryngopharynx (inferior): similar structure to oropharynx.

    Larynx

    • Tube with nine cartilages
    • Thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage forming the anterior surface, Adam's apple).
    • Epiglottis (flap of elastic cartilage covering the entrance during swallowing)
    • Cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage, landmark for tracheotomies).
    • Vocal folds (true vocal cords): form elastic ligaments, vibrate with air for sound production, pitch changes with muscle tension.
    • Vestibular folds (false vocal cords): come together when holding breath.

    Trachea

    • 2.5 cm wide x 12 cm long tube.
    • 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage connected by dense CT.
    • Cartilage keeps the trachea patent.
    • Anterior to the esophagus.
    • Lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

    Bronchi

    • Trachea splits into right and left bronchi.
    • Carina (ridge at branchpoint, triggers cough).
    • Branch into smaller tubes (bronchial tree), which end in terminal bronchioles.
    • Mucous membrane types change throughout bronchial tree.

    Lungs

    • Wrapped in pleural membrane (two serous membranes with pleural fluid reducing friction).
    • Extend from superior to clavicles to diaphragm.
    • Rest against costal surfaces of ribs.
    • Inferior part = base, superior part = apex.
    • Medial surfaces = mediastinal surfaces:
    • Hilum: permits passage of bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
    • Cardiac notch: space for heart, decreases left lung size by 10%.
    • Fissures divide lungs into lobes: oblique fissure separates superior and inferior lobes, horizontal fissure for middle lobe (only right lung).
    • Lobar bronchi supply specific lobes, followed by segmental bronchi supplying bronchopulmonary segments.
    • Segmental bronchi branch into smaller lobules, each containing smaller airways and blood vessels wrapped in elastic connective tissue.
    • Respiratory bronchioles: microscopic branches, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
    • Alveoli (air sacs): extensive surface area for gas exchange, type I alveolar cells (thin squamous epithelium), type II alveolar cells (cuboidal epithelium producing surfactant - prevents sticking), respiratory membrane is thin boundary between alveoli and capillaries.

    Blood Supply to Lungs

    • Pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated.
    • Bronchial arteries branch from aorta, deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue.

    Gas Exchange and Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation = inhalation and exhalation
    • Controlled by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity requiring contraction of respiratory muscles.

    Mechanics of Inhalation

    • Lowering pressure in lungs (below atmospheric) causes air to move in down its partial pressure gradient via Boyle's law (inverse relationship between pressure and volume).
    • Diaphragm contraction, assisted by intercostal muscles, increases thoracic cavity volume and lowers lung pressure.
    • Negative intrapleural pressure keeps pleural membrane suctioned to thoracic cavity wall, expanding the lungs during inhalation.

    Mechanics of Exhalation

    • Passive process.
    • Respiratory muscle relaxation decreases thoracic cavity volume, increasing lung pressure, causing gases to diffuse out.
    • Active exhalation can be assisted by abdominal and internal intercostal muscles for strenuous activity.

    Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Surfactant: essential, insufficient = respiratory distress syndrome.
    • Compliance: distensibility of lung tissues, high compliance = ease of expansion, low compliance = difficult expansion (due to fibrosis, injury, etc). Resistance is related to airway diameter; obstruction/collapse of airways increases resistance.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Lung volumes (specific measurements) and capacities (sums of lung volumes) measured with spirometer.

    Principles of Gas Exchange

    • Gases move from high to low partial pressure.
    • Solubility is a factor. CO2 is more soluble than O2.

    External Respiration

    • Gas exchange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries driven by partial pressure gradients.
    • Exercise increases oxygen demand, meaning lower PO2 in alveoli (to speed up oxygen delivery in the blood).

    Internal Respiration

    • Gas exchange between blood and body tissues driven by partial pressure gradients.
    • Tissue cells produce CO2, creating a higher PCO2 outside systemic capillaries.
    • Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissues.

    Factors Affecting Respiration

    • Partial pressure gradient of gas, surface area for exchange, diffusion distance, molecular weight/solubility.

    Oxygen Transport

    • 98.5% of O2 is bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs.
    • Hb binds oxygen reversibly. Increased PO2 favors Hb-O2 formation, leading to Hb saturation.

    Factors Affecting Hb Saturation

    • PO2, blood acidity (decreased pH decreases O2 affinity); PCO2, temperature, type of hemoglobin (fetal Hb has a higher affinity for O2). intermediate products of glycolysis affect O2 affinity.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Transported as dissolved CO2, carbamino compounds (bound to Hb), and bicarbonate.
    • Chloride shift maintains electrical balance in RBCs.

    Regulation of Breathing

    • Respiratory center in medulla oblongata and pons.
    • Medullary respiratory group (DRG, VRG).
    • Pontine respiratory group influences normal breathing.

    Cortical Influences

    • Breathing can be controlled voluntarily via cerebral cortex connection to the respiratory center.

    Chemoreceptors

    • Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata sense changes in PCO2 and H+ in CSF.
    • Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies sense changes in PCO2, H+, and PO2 in blood.

    Hyperventilation

    • Response to low blood pH (often high PCO2).
    • Increases rate and depth of breathing to increase blood pH.

    Inflation Reflex

    • Prevents overinflation of lungs by sensing lung stretch and inhibiting further inhalation via the vagus nerve to the respiratory center.

    Exercise and Respiration

    • Increased pulmonary perfusion and ventilation.
    • Chemoreceptors sense changes in H+ concentration, increasing ventilation rate and depth.

    Homeostatic Imbalances

    • Smoking causes COPD and emphysema.

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    Description

    Explore the structure and functions of the respiratory system in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the processes of respiration, the anatomy involved, and the significance of oxygen for cellular energy production. Perfect for students studying human biology!

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