Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structures support the trachea?
What structures support the trachea?
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Which lung is shorter than the other and why?
Which lung is shorter than the other and why?
Which surface of the lung is large and smooth?
Which surface of the lung is large and smooth?
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
How many lobes does the left lung have?
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What is the mediastinal surface of the lung related to?
What is the mediastinal surface of the lung related to?
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What separates the costal surface of the lung from the ribs?
What separates the costal surface of the lung from the ribs?
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Which fissures are present in the right lung?
Which fissures are present in the right lung?
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What are the main components of the upper respiratory system?
What are the main components of the upper respiratory system?
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Which part of the pharynx is located behind the oral cavity?
Which part of the pharynx is located behind the oral cavity?
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What is Little’s area also known as?
What is Little’s area also known as?
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What function do the paranasal sinuses NOT contribute to?
What function do the paranasal sinuses NOT contribute to?
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The larynx serves primarily as what?
The larynx serves primarily as what?
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What is one of the primary roles of the nasal cavity?
What is one of the primary roles of the nasal cavity?
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Which region of the nasal cavity is located closest to the nasopharynx?
Which region of the nasal cavity is located closest to the nasopharynx?
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What is the primary anatomical role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
What is the primary anatomical role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
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What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
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Which feature is characteristic of the right lung?
Which feature is characteristic of the right lung?
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How do the pleura layers of the lungs function?
How do the pleura layers of the lungs function?
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What distinguishes the left lung from the right lung?
What distinguishes the left lung from the right lung?
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What role do intercostal muscles play in the respiratory process?
What role do intercostal muscles play in the respiratory process?
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Which opening in the diaphragm is located at the level of T8?
Which opening in the diaphragm is located at the level of T8?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of the pleura?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the pleura?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pleural sac?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the pleural sac?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system is composed of upper and lower parts
- Upper respiratory part includes the nose, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, and larynx
- Lower respiratory part includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs
The Nose
- The nose consists of the external nose and nasal cavity
- The nasal cavity is divided by a septum into right and left halves
- The external nose has two nostrils
- The lateral margin (ala nasi) is rounded and mobile
Nasal Cavity
- The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
- The nose opens into the nasopharynx
Regions of the Nasal Cavity
- Vestibule
- Olfactory region
- Respiratory region
- Nasopharynx
- Auditory tube opening
Paranasal Sinuses
- Air cavities in the skull bones around the nose
- Open into the nasal cavity's lateral wall
- Include frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary air sinuses
- Functions: humidifying and warming inspired air, regulating intranasal pressure, increasing surface area for olfaction, lightening the skull, resonance, absorption shock, and contributing to facial growth
Clinical Notes (Nasal Cavity)
- Epistaxis (nosebleed)
- Rhinorrhea (runny nose)
- Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa)
Little's (Kiesselbach's) Area
- Area of the nasal septum susceptible to bleeding
- Supplied by anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, sphenopalatine artery, and superior labial artery (septal branch)
The Pharynx
- A muscular tube (12-13 cm long)
- Lies behind the oral, nasal, and laryngeal cavities
- Extends from the skull base to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra)
- Continuing with the esophagus
Parts of the Pharynx
- Nasopharynx (upper part)
- Lies behind the nasal cavity
- Auditory tube openings in the lateral wall
- Oropharynx (middle part)
- Located behind the oral cavity
- Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
- From the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage
- Continuous with the esophagus
Larynx
- Phonation box and air passage
- Located in the middle anterior part of the neck
- Cartilages, membranes, and muscles
Cavity of Larynx
- Extends from the larynx inlet to the trachea's beginning
- Contains (in the central, middle part of the cavity): two pairs of vocal folds (or cords)
Trachea
- Begins at the laryngeal outlet and ends at the sternal angle
- Divides into the right and left bronchi (carina bifurcation)
- 10 cm long, fibromuscular wall, C-shaped hyaline cartilages
Bronchi and Bronchial Tree
- Right and left principle bronchi start at the sternal angle
- Branches leading to tertiary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segments)
Lung
- Paired organs in the thoracic cavity
- Covered by pleura and protected by the thoracic skeleton
- Each lung has: apex, broad base (inferior surface), sharp anterior and inferior borders
- Sternoclavicular, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal surfaces
- Right lung: wider and shorter, 3 lobes, 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal)
- Left lung: narrower and longer, 2 lobes, 1 oblique fissure
Surfaces of the Lung
- Costal surface: large, smooth, convex, related to the costal pleura, ribs, costal cartilages, and inner intercostal muscles
- Mediastinal surface: concave, related to the middle mediastinum (pericardium and heart), includes the hilum (root of the lung)
- Diaphragmatic surface: concave, forms the lung base, resting on the diaphragm dome.
The Hilum of the Lung
- Wedge-shaped area on the lung's mediastinal surface
- Structures of the lung root pass through
Differences between Right and Left Lungs
- Right lung: 3 lobes, straighter anterior border, larger, heavier (about 700g), shorter, broader
- Left lung: 2 lobes, anterior border interrupted by the cardiac notch, smaller, lighter (about 600g), longer, narrower
Pleura
- Serous sac investing the lungs
- Outer parietal and inner visceral layers separated by a pleural cavity
Physiology of Breathing
- Breathing in: chest expands, diaphragm contracts
- Breathing out: chest contracts, diaphragm relaxes
Clinical Notes (Lungs)
- Pleuritis (inflammation of the pleura)
- Pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity)
- Hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity)
Radio-Anatomy of the Lung
- Diagram showing features visible in a chest X-ray
- Shows elements of the lung like the aortic arch, main bronchi, and fissures
Diaphragm
- Musculotendinous structure with two parts
- Muscular part: fixed
- Central part: movable (fibers radiating, forming central tendon)
- No bony attachments
Openings of the Diaphragm
- Aortic hiatus (T12) for aorta
- Esophageal hiatus (T10) for esophagus
- Caval opening (T8) for inferior vena cava (IVC)
Intercostal Muscles
- External, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles
- Include intercostalis, subcostalis, sterncostalis (transversus thoracis)
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Description
This quiz covers the components and functions of the respiratory system, focusing on the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It includes details about the structure of the nose and the nasal cavity, as well as the associated paranasal sinuses. Test your knowledge about how these parts work together to facilitate breathing.
