Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory system Respiratory system Consists of upper and lower parts: 1. The upper respiratory include: nose, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx and larynx. 2. The lower respiratory include: the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, and the lungs. The nose Consists of the external nose and...

Respiratory system Respiratory system Consists of upper and lower parts: 1. The upper respiratory include: nose, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx and larynx. 2. The lower respiratory include: the trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, and the lungs. The nose Consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity, both of which are divided by a septum into right and left halves. 1. External Nose The external nose has two elliptical orifices called the nostrils, The lateral margin, the ala nasi, is rounded and mobile. The nose Nostrils = Kuna lut 2. Nasal Cavity The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils in front, to the posterior nasal apertures or choanae behind, where the nose opens into the nasopharynx. Regions of the nasal cavity Regions of the nasal cavity Clinical notes In nasal cavity  Clinical notes Epistaxis Rhinorrhea Rhinitis Little’s (Kiesselbach’s) area Paranasal sinuses frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary air sinuses Paranasal sinuses Air cavities located in the bones of skull around the nose and open in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses They include: 1. Frontal, 2. Ethmoidal, 3. Sphenoidal, 4. And maxillary air sinuses. Paranasal sinuses Humidifying and warming inspired air. Regulation of intranasal pressure. Increasing surface area for olfaction. Lightening the skull. Resonance. Absorption shock. Contribute to facial growth. Clinical notes In paranasal sinuses Sinusitis The Pharynx Parts of pharynx The pharynx Its 12-13 cm long muscular tube lies behind the oral, nasal and laryngeal cavities. Extends from the base of skull to the lower border of cricoid cartilage at the level of lower border of 6th cervical vertebra where it continues with esophagus. Parts of pharynx I. Nasopharynx The upper part of pharynx lies behind the nasal cavity. Each auditory tube opens in the lateral wall of nasopharynx. Parts of pharynx II. Oropharynx It’s the middle part of the pharynx situated behind the oral cavity. Oropharynx Parts of pharynx III. Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) reaches from the hyoid bone to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus. Parts of Pharynx 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx Larynx A phonation box and air passage, located in the middle anterior part of the neck. It is made of a number of cartilages connected together by membranes, ligaments, muscles. Larynx Cavity of Larynx Extends from inlet of larynx to the beginning of trachea. In the central, middle part of laryngeal cavity, it contains two pairs of vocal folds or cords. Lower respiratory trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, and the lungs Trachea C-shaped hyaline cartilages The trachea begins at the laryngeal outlet and terminates at the level of the sternal angle, by dividing into the right and left bronchi (carina = bifurcation of trachea). Trachealis It is 10 cm long having a fibromuscular wall supported by a number of C-shaped hyaline cartilages. Bronchi and bronchial tree The right and left principle bronchi begins at the level of sternal angle. The right principle The left principle bronchus bronchus Tertiary bronchus (Bronchopulmonary segment) Lung There are a pair of lungs in the thoracic cavity. 1 Each lung is covered by pleura, and protected by thoracic skeleton. 2 Each lung has an apex, broad base or inferior surface, sharp anterior border, and sharp inferior border. Each lung has sterno-costal surface, diaphragmatic surface and mediastinal surface. Lung Right lung is shorter than the left one due to right lobe of liver pushing the right lung superiorly. There are three lobes in right lung and two lobes on the left lung. There are two fissures on the right lung (oblique and horizontal fissures). Left lung has only one oblique fissure. Surfaces of the lung The costal surface of the lung is large, smooth, and convex. It is related to the costal pleura, which separates it from the ribs, costal cartilages, and innermost intercostal muscles. The mediastinal surface of the lung is concave because it is related to the middle mediastinum, which contains the pericardium and heart. The mediastinal surface includes the hilum, which receives the root of the lung. Surfaces of the lung The diaphragmatic surface of the lung, which is also concave, forms the base of the lung, which rests on the dome of the diaphragm. Lungs Right lung upper lobe middle lobe Left lung lower lobe upper lobe lower lobe transverse fissures. oblique fissure. Oblique fissures. pleural sac The hilum of the lung Is a wedge-shaped area on the mediastinal surface of each lung through which the structures forming the root of the lung pass to enter or exit the lung. Differences between Right lung Left lung It has two fissures and Only one fissure and two three lobes. lobes. Anterior border is Anterior border is straighter. interrupted by the cardiac notch. Larger and heavier Smaller and lighter, weight about 700g. weighs about 600g. Shorter and broader Longer and narrower. Pleura Serous sac investing the lungs. Consists of outer parietal and inner visceral layers separated by a small space called pleural cavity. Physiology of breathing Clinical notes In pleura  Clinical notes Pleuritis Pneumothorax Haemothorax Normal lung and pleura Radio-anatomy of the lung Diaphragm Is the musculotendinous it has two parts: 1. Muscular part fixed. 2. Central part movable. The fibers of the muscular part radiated in the center forming central tendon and it has no bony attachments. Opening of the diaphragm Esophageal Caval opening 1. Aortic hiatus at the opening level of T12 for aorta 2. Esophagus hiatus at the level of T10 for esophagus 3. Caval opening for IVC at the level of T8 Aortic hiatus Intercostal muscles External intercostal muscle. Internal intercostal muscle. Innermost intercostal muscle: 1. Intercostalis 2. Subcostalis 3. Sternocostalis (transversus thoracicis). Thank you