Respiratory System Overview and Disorders

Study Notes

The upper respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx. Air enters through the nostrils, warming and moistening within the nasal cavities.
Air moves from the nasal cavities to the pharynx (throat).
The pharynx is a common pathway for air and food. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.
The larynx (voice box) is a tube with cartilage rings; the largest is the Adam's apple. Vocal cords produce sound.
The lower respiratory tract comprises the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The trachea connects to the bronchi, which branch into bronchioles within the lungs.
The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two.

Acute bronchitis: Inflammation of the trachea and bronchial tubes. Risk factors include dust, dampness, fog, and smoking. Symptoms include a persistent dry cough that can last weeks. Treatment includes antibiotics, humidifiers, cough suppressants, and increased fluids.
Chronic bronchitis: Repeated acute bronchitis attacks or chemical irritants (like cigarette smoke or dust). Uncurable, early treatment prevents lung damage.
Asthma: A chronic disorder with episodes of shortness of breath (dyspnea). Often caused by allergies (like hay fever) or emotional stress.
Pneumonia: Acute lung inflammation marked by fever, chills, chest pain, increased pulse and respiration, and painful coughing. Immediate antibiotic treatment is crucial.
Tuberculosis: An infectious disease affecting various body tissues (including lungs). Long-term treatment with antibiotics is necessary. Lung cancer incidence is higher in males compared to females.
Lung cancer risk factors include smoking, air pollution, dust, and chemical exposures.