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Questions and Answers
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC) composed of?
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC) composed of?
Which gas composes the largest percentage of the Earth's atmosphere?
Which gas composes the largest percentage of the Earth's atmosphere?
What does Boyle's law state about the relationship between volume and pressure?
What does Boyle's law state about the relationship between volume and pressure?
Which law states that gas will always move from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure?
Which law states that gas will always move from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure?
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What is the definition of inspiratory capacity (IC)?
What is the definition of inspiratory capacity (IC)?
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Which among the following gases is typically present in the atmosphere at approximately 21%?
Which among the following gases is typically present in the atmosphere at approximately 21%?
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Which gas law relates the temperature and pressure of a gas?
Which gas law relates the temperature and pressure of a gas?
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Which term best defines the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration?
Which term best defines the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration?
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What is the primary function of pulmonary respiration?
What is the primary function of pulmonary respiration?
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What is tissue respiration also known as?
What is tissue respiration also known as?
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Which component of the blood primarily carries oxygen?
Which component of the blood primarily carries oxygen?
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What happens when blood PO₂ is low?
What happens when blood PO₂ is low?
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How does a rise in PCO₂ influence hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen?
How does a rise in PCO₂ influence hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen?
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What is the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen called?
What is the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen called?
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What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
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What role does acidity play in oxygen release from hemoglobin?
What role does acidity play in oxygen release from hemoglobin?
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What is the tidal volume (TV) in a healthy adult during normal breathing?
What is the tidal volume (TV) in a healthy adult during normal breathing?
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What volume of air is defined as the maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration?
What volume of air is defined as the maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration?
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Which lung volume represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration?
Which lung volume represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration?
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What is the formula for calculating total lung capacity (TLC)?
What is the formula for calculating total lung capacity (TLC)?
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Which lung capacity is referred to as the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs after maximal inspiration?
Which lung capacity is referred to as the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs after maximal inspiration?
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How often does a healthy adult typically breathe per minute?
How often does a healthy adult typically breathe per minute?
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What is the maximum volume of additional air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration called?
What is the maximum volume of additional air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration called?
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How much of the total lung capacity is typically used during normal breathing at rest?
How much of the total lung capacity is typically used during normal breathing at rest?
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What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
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Which muscles primarily contract during expiration at rest?
Which muscles primarily contract during expiration at rest?
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What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation?
What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation?
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What primarily causes air to flow into the lungs during inspiration?
What primarily causes air to flow into the lungs during inspiration?
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During exercise, which muscles are recruited to assist with a more forceful inspiration?
During exercise, which muscles are recruited to assist with a more forceful inspiration?
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What occurs during normal expiration?
What occurs during normal expiration?
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What change occurs to pressure inside the thoracic cavity during expiration?
What change occurs to pressure inside the thoracic cavity during expiration?
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What role does increased temperature play in oxygen release from hemoglobin?
What role does increased temperature play in oxygen release from hemoglobin?
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Which form accounts for the majority of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
Which form accounts for the majority of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
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What happens to bicarbonate ions at the tissues during carbon dioxide transport?
What happens to bicarbonate ions at the tissues during carbon dioxide transport?
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During the chloride shift, which ions move into the erythrocytes?
During the chloride shift, which ions move into the erythrocytes?
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What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the RBCs?
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the RBCs?
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Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling basic respiratory patterns?
Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling basic respiratory patterns?
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What initiates the involuntary regulation of breathing?
What initiates the involuntary regulation of breathing?
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What occurs to carbonic acid in the lungs?
What occurs to carbonic acid in the lungs?
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What primarily stimulates the diaphragm during inspiration?
What primarily stimulates the diaphragm during inspiration?
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What occurs during forced exhalation?
What occurs during forced exhalation?
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What is the typical breathing rate (eupnea) set by the dorsal respiratory group?
What is the typical breathing rate (eupnea) set by the dorsal respiratory group?
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How does the pneumotaxic area influence breathing?
How does the pneumotaxic area influence breathing?
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Which reflex is activated by lung inflation?
Which reflex is activated by lung inflation?
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What triggers an increase in the rate of respiration due to high carbon dioxide levels?
What triggers an increase in the rate of respiration due to high carbon dioxide levels?
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Which group of neurons is primarily responsible for controlling forced inspiration and expiration?
Which group of neurons is primarily responsible for controlling forced inspiration and expiration?
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What effect does a rise in body temperature have on respiration?
What effect does a rise in body temperature have on respiration?
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Which receptors are responsible for monitoring arterial oxygen levels?
Which receptors are responsible for monitoring arterial oxygen levels?
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What role does the apneustic center play in respiration?
What role does the apneustic center play in respiration?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary irritant reflex?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary irritant reflex?
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How does the medullary respiratory center respond to low arterial pH?
How does the medullary respiratory center respond to low arterial pH?
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Which of the following primarily influences the smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration?
Which of the following primarily influences the smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- Students should be able to describe lung volumes and capacities of the respiratory system.
- Students should be able to explain pulmonary ventilation in the respiratory system.
- Students should be able to explain external and internal respiration.
- Students should be able to describe the transport of respiratory gases.
- Students should be able to explain the control of respiration.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- A healthy adult breathes about 12 times per minute.
- Each inhalation and exhalation moves about 500 mL of air into and out of the lungs.
- Measurement of lung volumes is a tool for understanding normal lung function and disease states.
- In normal breathing at rest, approximately one-tenth of the total lung capacity is used.
- Greater amounts are used with exercise as needed.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of gas inspired or expired with each normal breath. Approximately 500 mL.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The maximum volume of additional air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration.
- Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC = RV + IRV + TV + ERV.
- Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration. VC = IRV + TV + ERV.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of a normal expiration. FRC = RV + ERV.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end expiratory position. IC = TV + IRV.
Gas Laws
- Gases obey the laws of physics called gas laws.
- These laws apply to gases in the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and cells.
- Boyle's Law: Volume and pressure are inversely related. If volume decreases, pressure increases. V x 1/P
- Henry's Law: The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility.
- Charles' Law: As temperature increases, pressure increases; as temperature decreases, pressure decreases.
- Dalton's Law: Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present.
Gas Exchange
- Gas exchange is a diffusion process from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
- Partial pressure of gases is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Breathing, or ventilation, is a process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
- There are two phases: inspiration and expiration.
- Air movement is due to changes in the volume of the thorax, which influences the air pressure in the lungs.
- Cycle of breathing: inspiration, expiration, pause.
Pulmonary Ventilation, Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration/Inhalation: External intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm contracts, ribcage moves upwards and outwards, thoracic cavity increases in size, and pressure decreases in thoracic cavity. Oxygen moves from atmosphere (high pressure) into lungs (low pressure).
- Expiration/Exhalation: External intercostal muscles relax, diaphragm relaxes, rib cage moves down, thoracic cavity decreases in size, pressure inside thoracic cavity increases, and gases move from lungs (high pressure) into atmosphere (low pressure).
Pulmonary Respiration
- Also called external respiration.
- Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli of the lungs and pulmonary blood capillaries.
- Deoxygenated blood from the heart is converted into oxygenated blood and returns to the heart.
Tissue Respiration
- Also called internal respiration.
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in the capillaries and the body cells.
- Blood arrives at tissues cleansed of CO2 and saturated with O2.
Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Blood transport gases between the lungs and body tissue.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide undergo physical and chemical changes throughout the transport and exchange.
Oxygen Transport
- Molecular oxygen carried in the blood, bound to hemoglobin (Hb) within red blood cells (98.5%), and dissolved in plasma (1.5%).
- Each Hb molecule binds four oxygen atoms in a rapid, reversible process.
- The combination of hemoglobin and oxygen is called oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂).
- Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin (HHb).
- When blood PO2 is high, hemoglobin binds to oxygen. When blood PO2 is low, hemoglobin releases oxygen.
- Active tissues release more oxygen.
Oxygen Transport
- Factors influencing oxygen release from hemoglobin: Temperature increase leads to a release of oxygen, and an increase in acidity releases more oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to hemoglobin (20%), and as bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%).
- CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
- In RBCs, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.
Control of Respiration
- Breathing is regulated involuntarily from centers in the medulla oblongata and pons.
- Feedback from sensors that detect changes in blood chemistry.
- Medulla rhythmicity area, located in the brainstem, has centers that control basic respiratory patterns for both inspiration and expiration.
- The inspiratory center stimulates the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve and the external intercostal nerve.
- Exhalation is mostly passive, caused by the lungs' elastic recoil.
- Other factors include the pneumotaxic and apneustic areas, lung stretch receptors, lung irritant receptors, and hypothalamic controls, as well as emotional and voluntary control.
- Changes in arterial pH, as well as carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, can modify respiratory rate.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of the respiratory system, including lung volumes and capacities, pulmonary ventilation, and the processes of external and internal respiration. Students will also learn about the transport of respiratory gases and the control mechanisms of respiration.
