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Questions and Answers
What percentage of oxygen is typically transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What percentage of oxygen is typically transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) is low?
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) is low?
What would be the typical saturation percentage of hemoglobin in systemic arterial blood?
What would be the typical saturation percentage of hemoglobin in systemic arterial blood?
In the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, what relationship is demonstrated?
In the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, what relationship is demonstrated?
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What percentage of oxygen saturation is typically found in normal venous blood returning from peripheral tissues?
What percentage of oxygen saturation is typically found in normal venous blood returning from peripheral tissues?
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What primarily accounts for the minimal O2 uptake at the apex of the lungs?
What primarily accounts for the minimal O2 uptake at the apex of the lungs?
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How does exercise affect blood flow distribution in the lungs?
How does exercise affect blood flow distribution in the lungs?
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What is true about the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the apex compared to the base?
What is true about the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the apex compared to the base?
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What condition is more favorable at the apex of the lungs for the organism that prefers this region?
What condition is more favorable at the apex of the lungs for the organism that prefers this region?
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What largely influences the difference in CO2 output between the apex and the base of the lungs?
What largely influences the difference in CO2 output between the apex and the base of the lungs?
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What does the P50 represent in the context of hemoglobin?
What does the P50 represent in the context of hemoglobin?
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Which factor does NOT shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Which factor does NOT shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
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What is the Bohr effect primarily associated with?
What is the Bohr effect primarily associated with?
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What physiological condition will cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left?
What physiological condition will cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left?
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What does the Haldane effect refer to?
What does the Haldane effect refer to?
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What is the expected shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve when blood pH decreases to 7.2?
What is the expected shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve when blood pH decreases to 7.2?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that can shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that can shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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At what normal pH value is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically observed?
At what normal pH value is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically observed?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System - Lung Physiology
- Hemoglobin's Role in Oxygen Transport: Approximately 97% of oxygen transported from lungs to tissues is chemically bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The remaining 3% is carried dissolved in blood plasma and cells.
- Reversible Oxygen-Hemoglobin Combination: Oxygen loosely and reversibly binds to hemoglobin's heme portion. High partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), like in pulmonary capillaries, promotes binding. In tissue capillaries with low PO2, oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
- Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve: This curve shows the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen as PO2 increases. Normal arterial blood (PO2 ~95 mmHg) has ~97% saturation. Normal venous blood (PO2 ~40 mmHg) has ~75% saturation. The curve is sigmoidal (S-shaped) due to cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
- Factors Shifting the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve: Changes in pH (acidity), CO2, temperature, and 2,3-BPG (biphosphoglycerate) can shift the curve. Decreased pH (acidosis), increased CO2, and increased temperature all shift the curve to the right, decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
- Bohr Effect: Decreased blood pH shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
- Haldane Effect: Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from hemoglobin, increasing the removal of carbon dioxide.
- Transport of Oxygen in Arterial Blood: 98% of blood entering the left atrium has passed through alveolar capillaries. 2% of the blood passes through the bronchial circulation, not being exposed to lung air. Venous admixture results in a lower PO2 (around 95 mmHg) in arterial blood.
- Alveolar Ventilation: The amount of air used for gas exchange each minute. Calculated by (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate. (A normal tidal volume is 500ml, and a normal dead space is 150ml; if respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, then alveolar ventilation is 4200ml/min.)
- Lung Zones and Chest X-rays: Lung zones (upper, middle, lower) have varying levels of ventilation and blood flow, impacting O2 and CO2 exchange. On a chest X-ray, these zones can be visually assessed for abnormalities.
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Description
Explore the vital role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport and the mechanics of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Understand how various factors influence hemoglobin saturation in different conditions. This quiz will test your knowledge of lung physiology and its significance in human health.
