Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of anatomic shunts in the circulatory system?

  • Alveolar fluid accumulation
  • Gas exchange in alveoli
  • Increased alveolar ventilation
  • Blood bypassing alveoli completely (correct)

    • Which condition is a common cause of capillary shunting?

  • Intrapulmonary fistula
  • Bronchial venous drainage
  • Alveolar fluid accumulation (correct)
  • Congenital heart disease

    • What percentage of cardiac output is considered to be normal for an anatomic shunt in a healthy lung?

  • 1 percent
  • 5 percent
  • 10 percent
  • 3 percent (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions can lead to a relative shunt effect?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of absolute shunting?

    <p>Chronic emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions results from the impairment of alveolar-capillary gas exchange?

    <p>Alveolar consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an absolute shunt?

    <p>Blood bypasses alveoli without gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common causes for relative shunting?

    <p>Alveolar collapse and hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal adult male hemoglobin (Hb) value range?

    <p>14 to 16 g%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much oxygen (in mL) can each gram of hemoglobin (g% Hb) carry at full saturation?

    <p>1.34 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At a normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of 100 torr, what is the approximate hemoglobin saturation (SaO2)?

    <p>97 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the normal physiologic shunts affecting Hb saturation?

    <p>Pulmonary vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be adjusted to account for the arterial oxygen when calculating its amount bound to hemoglobin?

    <p>97 percent saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following units does NOT represent normal hemoglobin range?

    <p>grams per liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person's hemoglobin level is 15 g percent, what is the expected volume percentage (vol%) of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at full saturation?

    <p>20.1 vol%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these correctly describes a relationship between grams percent of hemoglobin and milliliters of oxygen carried at full saturation?

    <p>g% Hb x 1.34 = mL O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of hypoxemia?

    <p>Abnormally low arterial oxygen tension in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions does hypoxemia most frequently lead to?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors must be added together to determine total oxygen content in 100 mL of blood?

    <p>Oxygen bound to hemoglobin and dissolved oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a reduced level of oxygen in arterial blood still maintain tissue oxygenation?

    <p>By increasing cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hypoxia?

    <p>Euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating oxygen content of arterial blood (CaO2)?

    <p>CaO2 = (Bound to Hb) + (Dissolved O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypoxia is characterized by low oxygen levels in the environment?

    <p>Hypoxic hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case study, what was the patient's hemoglobin concentration?

    <p>6 g percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of hypoxia is caused by inadequate blood flow?

    <p>Circulatory hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the volume percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin calculated at a saturation of 90% (SaO2)?

    <p>8.04 vol% O2 x 0.90 SaO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hypoxia is true?

    <p>It can occur even when arterial oxygen levels are normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed respiratory rate of the patient in the case study?

    <p>36 breaths/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with both hypoxia and hypoxemia?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the signs of respiratory distress observed in the patient?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate and elevated heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal oxygen binding factor for hemoglobin used in calculations?

    <p>1.34</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition was the patient suffering from that impacted her oxygen content?

    <p>Decreased hemoglobin concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood condition is indicated by a hemoglobin level greater than 18.5 g% in men?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does cyanosis become apparent in a patient with a normal hemoglobin level of 16 g%?

    <p>When hemoglobin is 5 g% or more of reduced hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark feature of polycythemia?

    <p>Elevated hematocrit or hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hematocrit percentage indicates polycythemia in women?

    <p>48 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential problem arises from an increased hematocrit reaching 55 to 60%?

    <p>Cardiac hypertrophy and right heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels in women?

    <p>12 to 15 g percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does blood with a reduced hemoglobin content of at least 5 g% indicate?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic low oxygen levels affect red blood cell counts?

    <p>It increases RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport

    • Normal adult male hemoglobin (Hb) value: 14 to 16 grams percent (g%)
    • Normal adult female Hb value: 12 to 15 g%
    • Normal Hb range: 12 to 16 g/100 ml blood (12 to 16 g percent, 12 to 16 grams per deciliter)
    • Each gram percent of Hb can carry 1.34 mL of oxygen at 100% saturation
    • If Hb level is 15 g%, and fully saturated, approximately 20.1 vol% of O2 will be bound to Hb
    • At a normal PaO2 of 100 torr, Hb saturation (SaO2) is approximately 97% due to physiologic shunts
      • Thebesian venous drainage into left atrium
      • Bronchial venous drainage into pulmonary veins
      • Under-ventilated alveoli (dead space ventilation)
    • The amount of arterial oxygen in the oxygen bound to Hb formula must be adjusted to 97%
    • Oxygen bound to Hb formula: (1.34 x Hb x SaO2)
    • To calculate total oxygen content in 100 mL of blood, add dissolved oxygen and oxygen bound to Hb
    • CaO2 (oxygen content of arterial blood) = (bound to Hb) + (dissolved O2)

    Case Study: Anemic Patient

    • 27-year-old woman with a long history of anemia and signs of respiratory distress
      • Decreased hemoglobin concentration
      • Respiratory rate of 36 breaths/minute
      • Heart rate of 130 beats/minute
      • Blood pressure of 155/90 mmHg
      • Hemoglobin concentration of 6 g percent
      • PaO2 of 80 torr
      • SaO2 90 percent
    • Oxygen bound to Hb calculation:
      • 6 g% Hb x 1.34 (O2 bound to Hb factor) = 8.04 vol% O2 (at SaO2 of 100%)
      • 8.04 vol% O2 x 0.90 SaO2 = 7.236 vol% O2

    Absolute Shunts

    • Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without passing through alveoli for gas exchange
    • Divided into anatomic shunts and capillary shunts
    • Anatomic shunts:
      • Nonoxygenated blood bypassing alveoli and entering the pulmonary vascular system via bronchial venous drainage, or the left atrium via thebesian veins
    • Common causes:
      • Congenital heart disease
      • Intrapulmonary fistula
      • Vascular lung tumors
    • Capillary shunts:
      • Caused by alveolar collapse (atelectasis), fluid accumulation, or consolidation

    Relative Shunts

    • Pulmonary capillary perfusion exceeds alveolar ventilation
    • Common causes:
      • Hypoventilation
      • Ventilation/perfusion mismatches (chronic emphysema, bronchitis, asthma)
      • Alveolar-capillary diffusion defects

    Hypoxemia vs. Hypoxia

    • Hypoxemia: Abnormally low arterial oxygen tension
      • Frequently associated with hypoxia, but does not necessarily mean tissue hypoxia
    • Hypoxia: Low or inadequate oxygen for aerobic cellular metabolism
      • Characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion
    • Four main types of hypoxia:
      • Hypoxic hypoxia
      • Anemic hypoxia
      • Circulatory hypoxia
      • Histotoxic hypoxia

    Cyanosis

    • Blue-gray or purplish discoloration on mucous membranes, fingertips, and toes
    • Indicative of at least 5 g% of reduced hemoglobin in the blood

    Polycythemia

    • Abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) count, leading to increased oxygen carrying capacity
    • Identified when hematocrit (HCT) is greater than 52% in men and 48% in women
    • Hallmark: Elevated hematocrit or hemoglobin
    • Problem: Increased blood viscosity
      • Can lead to left and right ventricular hypertrophy and cor pulmonale (right heart failure)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on hemoglobin and its role in oxygen transport within the human body. This quiz covers key concepts including normal hemoglobin values, oxygen binding capacity, and the impact of physiological factors on oxygen saturation. Prepare to enhance your understanding of this essential topic in human physiology.

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