Sheet 3 Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What happens if the amount of fluid in the interstitial space increases?

  • Edema occurs (correct)
  • The thickness of the respiratory membrane decreases
  • Airway resistance increases
  • Respiratory minute volume decreases

    • How is resistance (R) related to the cross-sectional area (A) of respiratory structures?

  • R is directly proportional to A
  • R is inversely proportional to A (correct)
  • R is directly proportional to A squared
  • R is inversely proportional to A squared

    • What is the relationship between airway resistance and permeability (K)?

  • They are directly related
  • There is no relationship between them
  • Permeability is directly related to airway resistance
  • Permeability is inversely related to airway resistance (correct)

    • How is airway resistance typically measured?

    <p>Indirectly through pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What driving force is needed to overcome resistance (R) according to the provided information?

    <p>Pressure difference (∆P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition leads to a constant flow of 6L/min when airway resistance = 1?

    <p>Pressure difference = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, air you exhale first comes from which part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the partial pressure of O2 in mixed air during expiration?

    <p>It is highest in mixed expiration air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the respiratory tree, which generation does the trachea belong to?

    <p>Generation #0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PDS stand for in the context of the respiratory system?

    <p>Physiological Dead Space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system has a constant value of 150mm for WV?

    <p>Anatomical dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when WV is greater than 0 in the respiratory system?

    <p>{}PDS will be higher than ADS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation is considered the main site for gas exchange?

    <p>Generation #17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells occupy 95% of the alveolus due to their thin squamous nature?

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation has cartilage for support and is not collapsible?

    <p>Generation #3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Type 2 alveolar cells?

    <p>Secreting alveolar fluid including surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of alveolar fluid is responsible for reducing surface tension?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is airway resistance considered small and negligible?

    <p>Because a very small pressure difference (∆𝑃) is needed to overcome the resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between airway resistance and cross-sectional area?

    <p>Airway resistance increases with larger cross-sectional area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes most of the airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Large airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vascular resistance compare to airway resistance?

    <p>Vascular resistance is 100 times greater than airway resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does asthma become reversible according to the information provided?

    <p>When bronchioles are more than 12% of total airway volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the air with the highest PO2 come from during mixed air expiration?

    <p>Alveolar air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system has a constant value of 150mm for ADS?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the generation number for the secondary bronchi in the respiratory tree?

    <p>#2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells occupy 95% of the alveoli due to their thin squamous nature?

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the amount of fluid in the interstitial space increases?

    <p>Impairs gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main site for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many divisions/branches make up the respiratory tree?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Type 2 alveolar cells?

    <p>Produce alveolar fluid containing surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are generations #11 to #23 considered collapsible structures in the respiratory system?

    <p>Supported by smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation in the respiratory tree is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>#17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Type 1 alveolar cells?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is generation #23 referred to as the alveolus (closed bulb)?

    <p>It marks the end of the respiratory tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell occupies 5% of the alveolus and secretes surfactant?

    <p>Type 2 alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures support generations #0 to #10 in the respiratory system?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thickness of the respiratory membrane when there is an increase in fluid in the interstitial space?

    <p>The thickness increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is airway resistance related to permeability (K) in the respiratory system?

    <p>Inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is used to overcome resistance (R) in the respiratory system?

    <p>Pressure difference (∆P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is airway resistance typically expressed when measuring it indirectly?

    <p>Resistance = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high value of resistance (R) indicate about the pressure difference required for flow?

    <p>High pressure difference required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is airway resistance considered a vague concept in the context of the respiratory system?

    <p>It cannot be calculated accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is inversely related to airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Cross-sectional area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is airway resistance considered small and negligible?

    <p>The pressure difference () required to overcome airway resistance is minimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to most of the airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Presence of NET cross-sectional area in large divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does vascular resistance in the cardiovascular system differ significantly from airway resistance?

    <p>Vascular resistance is 100 times higher despite similar flow rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the reversibility of asthma, as indicated in the text?

    <p>When the flow through alveoli reaches 200ml.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the NET cross-sectional area impact airway resistance?

    <p>Increases airway resistance in large airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the significant difference in resistance between cardiovascular and respiratory systems?

    <p>NET cross-sectional area variation between the systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspects do vascular and airway resistances differ significantly?

    <p>Vascular resistance is much higher despite similar flow rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, where does the air with the highest PCO2 come from in the respiratory system?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of the respiratory tree is considered non-collapsible and has cartilage for support?

    <p>Generation #7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the respiratory system, where do most of the airway resistances originate from?

    <p>Tertiary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system contributes significantly to airway resistance due to its narrowing and branching?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given respiratory system hierarchy, which structure belongs to generation #0?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory tree is associated with a constant value of 150mm for ADS?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, which part of the respiratory system serves as the primary site for gas exchange?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between resistance (R) and cross-sectional area (A) of respiratory structures?

    <p>R is inversely proportional to A^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between airway resistance and vascular resistance?

    <p>Airway resistance is mainly realized in small airway divisions, whereas vascular resistance is in large vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose respiratory rate would have a higher resistance value according to the information provided?

    <p>A person with a cardiac output of 5L/min and a flow of 6L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is airway resistance typically measured indirectly?

    <p>By measuring the pressure difference (∆P)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the airway resistance considered negligible in comparison to vascular resistance?

    <p>Airway resistance requires significantly less pressure to overcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high value of resistance (R) signify about the pressure difference needed for flow?

    <p>Very high pressure difference needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes significantly to the high resistance in large airways?

    <p>The net cross-sectional area in small generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of airway resistance in the context of fluid dynamics?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is airway resistance challenging to measure directly?

    <p>Due to the difficulty in calculating r^4 for all respiratory structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does asthma become reversible according to the information provided?

    <p>When the bronchioles are more than 12% or 200ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thickness of the respiratory membrane when there is an increase in fluid in the interstitial space?

    <p>The thickness increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to most of the airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Large cross-sectional areas in small generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between permeability (K) and airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>$K$ is inversely proportional to $R$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between generations #0 to #10 and generations #11 to #23 in the respiratory system?

    <p>Generations #0 to #10 lack cartilage and are collapsible, while generations #11 to #23 have cartilage and are not collapsible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of alveolar fluid is primarily responsible for reducing surface tension?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Type 2 alveolar cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>Surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell occupies 95% of the alveolus due to its thin squamous nature?

    <p>Type 1 alveolar cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are generations #11 to #23 considered collapsible structures in the respiratory system?

    <p>They are supported by smooth muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of an alveolus as mentioned in the provided information?

    <p>$300$ micrometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>#23 alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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