week 9D1
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the lungs when the pleural membranes are punctured?

  • The lung overinflates
  • Air fills the pleural space, causing collapse (correct)
  • Fluid accumulates in the lung
  • The pleural cavity increases in size

    • Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration?

  • Perfusion
  • Ventilation
  • Induction (correct)
  • Diffusion

    • What role does the diaphragm play during inhalation?

  • It raises pressure in the thoracic cavity
  • It expands the pleural cavity
  • It prevents airflow to the lungs
  • It contracts and lowers, creating negative pressure (correct)

    • Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the pleural membrane?

    <p>Reduces friction with lung movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mediastinum located?

    <p>Between the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily drives the movement of gases across the alveolar membrane?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is found in the pleural space that aids in lung function?

    <p>Serous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition of having difficulty breathing?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

    <p>Prevent food from entering the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of atelectasis?

    <p>Obstruction of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kussmaul breathing is characterized by what type of respiratory pattern?

    <p>Deep, rapid breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a passageway for both air and food?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alveolar pressure in maintaining lung function?

    <p>Prevents lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the anatomy of the right and left bronchi?

    <p>Right bronchus has a larger diameter and is shorter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would be observed in a patient with hemoptysis?

    <p>Coughing up blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Remove foreign bodies, warm, and moisten air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanosis refers to a condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the condition of having difficulty swallowing?

    <p>Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person experiencing __________ may not be able to breathe properly or may feel short of breath.

    <p>dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Apnea = Temporary cessation of breathing Hemoptysis = Coughing up blood Tachypnea = Abnormally rapid breathing Atelectasis = Collapse of lung or part of a lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the larynx?

    <p>Vocalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right lung has two lobes while the left lung has three lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lungs if negative pressure is lost due to a punctured pleura membrane?

    <p>Air fills the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of pulmonary circulation is to deliver oxygen to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three processes involved in respiration.

    <p>Ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ membrane serves as a protective barrier surrounding the lungs.

    <p>pleural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory processes with their definitions:

    <p>Ventilation = Movement of air in and out of the lungs Perfusion = Blood flow in the capillary bed of the lungs Diffusion = Movement of gases across the alveolar membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does diaphragm contraction have on pressure during inhalation?

    <p>Lowers pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pleural space contains a serous fluid that reduces friction during lung movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps the functional unit of the respiratory system open?

    <p>Negative pressure in the pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions is NOT associated with purulent sputum?

    <p>Contains only mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for providing hydration to a patient with tenacious sputum?

    <p>To thin the sputum for easier expectoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breath sound is most likely to be heard in a patient with increased sputum production?

    <p>Crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the optimal time to collect a sputum specimen for analysis?

    <p>First thing in the morning, before breakfast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a main teaching point for a patient with a cough and sputum production?

    <p>Practice a directed cough technique to clear airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nursing management, suppression of cough may be appropriate in which circumstance?

    <p>When the cough is dry and consistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is associated with aging that affects lung function?

    <p>Hardening of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized breathing pattern during inspection?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the term 'Rhonchi' as observed in auscultation?

    <p>Coarse wheezing due to mucus in large bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest?

    <p>12-20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with a patient who presents with a cough, what potential reason should a nurse prioritize in their plan?

    <p>Identify exposure to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory pattern indicates an increase in the depth of breathing along with a regular rhythm?

    <p>Kussmaul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fine crackles observed during auscultation are likely caused by what physiological event?

    <p>Air suddenly reinflating small air sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that contributes to lung disease?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormal curvature of the lumbar spine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal respiratory rate for adults at rest?

    <p>12-20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the breathing pattern known as ______, there are periods of apnea followed by increasing and then decreasing depth of breaths.

    <p>Cheyne-Stokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following breathing patterns with their characteristics:

    <p>Eupnea = Normal breathing pattern at 12-20/min Bradypnea = Less than 12 breaths per minute Tachypnea = More than 20 breaths per minute Apnea = Temporary cessation of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the cause of wheezes during auscultation?

    <p>Air moving through narrowed airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessory muscles are not involved in normal respiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breathing pattern is defined by increased rate and depth of respiration?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of purulent sputum?

    <p>It suggests the presence of bacteria, typically thick and yellow or green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best time to obtain a sputum specimen is after the patient has brushed their teeth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing management technique includes splinting for pain control during coughing?

    <p>Provide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is a primary nursing action for patients with tenacious sputum.

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nursing actions with their descriptions:

    <p>Expectorant = A medication that helps loosen and expel mucus Mucolytic = A treatment that breaks down mucus structure Infection Control = Measures to prevent the spread of infection Oral Care = Maintaining hygiene of the mouth to reduce bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breath sound would be expected in a patient with increased sputum production?

    <p>Crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hemoptysis from hematemesis?

    <p>Hemoptysis is associated with respiratory tract bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description accurately reflects the characteristics of hematemesis?

    <p>Coffee ground appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would primarily indicate pulmonary or cardiac issues related to hemoptysis?

    <p>Bright red sputum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nursing intervention for a patient experiencing hemoptysis?

    <p>Monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is more likely to lead to hemoptysis?

    <p>Pulmonary hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of identifying the source of hemoptysis in nursing management?

    <p>To guide appropriate treatment interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the blood expectorated during hemoptysis?

    <p>Pink or red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematemesis is the term used for vomiting blood from the respiratory tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing intervention for a client experiencing hemoptysis?

    <p>Determine the source of the bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The color of blood typically associated with hematemesis is '_________'.

    <p>coffee ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Hemoptysis = Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract Hematemesis = Vomiting blood from the stomach Pulmonary hemorrhage = Bleeding within the lung tissue Nursing management = Assessment and intervention related to patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of pulmonary hemorrhage?

    <p>Coughing up blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could possibly occur if fluid accumulates excessively in the pleural space?

    <p>Lung collapse due to loss of negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with COPD, what is the appropriate oxygen delivery rate at which hypoventilation risk becomes significant?

    <p>1 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a WBC count of 3,000 cells/mm3, what does this indicate?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of platelets?

    <p>They play a crucial role in blood clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected hematocrit level in a patient diagnosed with anemia?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation would elevated hemoglobin levels typically be encountered?

    <p>Patients with dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors indicates that a patient's oxygen therapy may be too high for a COPD condition?

    <p>Increased CO2 retention leading to respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected hemoglobin level for a normal adult population?

    <p>Approximately 15 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate nursing action for a patient with an oxygen saturation reading of 89% who is resting comfortably?

    <p>Continue to monitor the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement indicates a need for further teaching regarding oxygen safety for a COPD patient?

    <p>Smoking is permitted when oxygen is in use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect method of oxygen administration for a patient with COPD?

    <p>Oxygen at 10 L/min through a nasal cannula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario should a nurse initiate oxygen therapy for a cyanotic client with an unknown diagnosis?

    <p>Administer oxygen at 10 Liters flow per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential factor that can lead to inaccurate pulse oximetry readings when the sensor is on the client's ear?

    <p>Use of artificial nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the nurse's initial action when a client's pulse oximetry reading is at 75%?

    <p>Administer oxygen via mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should a nurse take first when a client complains that the oxygen mask feels too tight?

    <p>Change the type of mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nurse assess when planning the discharge of a patient requiring home oxygen therapy?

    <p>Patient's knowledge of fire safety and oxygen usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly delivered via nebulizer for a patient with COPD?

    <p>Bronchodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant teaching point related to oxygen therapy for patients with COPD?

    <p>Checking oxygen tank levels regularly is essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza?

    <p>Airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common systemic symptom of influenza?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the Psych Tech do for a client scheduled to have a CT scan with contrast?

    <p>Assess for allergies to iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the expected hemoglobin levels for a client diagnosed with COPD?

    <p>Higher than normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective flu vaccine rate among those at risk?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable risk for older adults concerning influenza?

    <p>Decreased immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment finding indicates respiratory distress that should be reported?

    <p>Respiratory rate of 26 with irregular rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of obtaining a sputum specimen?

    <p>To confirm bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a client with influenza, what is the preferred isolation method?

    <p>Droplet isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with flu symptoms?

    <p>Encourage hydration and rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of thoracentesis?

    <p>To remove fluid from the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a high white blood cell count is indicative of anemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to find in a patient's blood test if they have anemia?

    <p>Decreased hematocrit level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with COPD should receive supplemental oxygen at no more than _____ L/min.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their primary function:

    <p>Platelets = Form a blood clot White Blood Cells = Fight infections Red Blood Cells = Transport oxygen Plasma = Carry nutrients and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the negative pressure in the pleural space when there is fluid accumulation?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated PTT indicate?

    <p>Increased risk of hemorrhaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased hemoglobin levels are expected in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next nursing action when a patient with COPD has an oxygen saturation reading of 89%?

    <p>Notify the doctor for further orders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is safe to use petroleum lubricants around oxygen equipment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flow rate of oxygen is typically administered via a nasal cannula?

    <p>1-6 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A client using oxygen at home should avoid __________ to prevent fire hazards.

    <p>smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to an inaccurate pulse oximetry reading?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one safety precaution a client with COPD should follow when using oxygen.

    <p>Avoid materials that generate static electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each oxygen delivery method with its flow rate:

    <p>Nasal Cannula = 1-6 L/min Simple Mask = 6-10 L/min Venturi Mask = 4-8 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low pulse oximetry reading of 75% requires immediate administration of oxygen via a mask.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended flow rate for a Venturi Mask is __________.

    <p>4-8 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first nursing action for a cyanotic client with an unknown diagnosis?

    <p>Administer oxygen at 2 Liters flow per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mode of transmission for influenza?

    <p>Airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flu vaccine is effective for more than one year.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one common side effect of the antiviral Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medical term for a swollen runny nose is __________.

    <p>Rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best time to obtain a sputum specimen?

    <p>In the morning after waking up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In older adults, the chest wall becomes stiffer, making them more susceptible to complications from influenza.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goal for someone with COPD in terms of SpO2 levels is to maintain a level above __________.

    <p>88%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their descriptions:

    <p>Runny nose = Rhinorrhea Cough = Expulsion of air from lungs Fever = Elevated body temperature Malaise = General feeling of discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary nursing diagnosis would you give for a person with influenza?

    <p>Ineffective airway clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should receive the flu vaccine?

    <p>Healthcare workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Adventitious: Abnormal lung sounds; can indicate respiratory issues.
    • Hyperventilation: Increased breathing rate; can lead to decreased CO2 levels.
    • Hypoventilation: Decreased breathing rate; can cause increased CO2 levels.
    • Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
    • Dyspnea: Difficulty or labored breathing.
    • Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing.
    • Kyphosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine causing a hunchback appearance.
    • Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of the spine, typically in the lumbar region.
    • Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine.
    • Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
    • Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, often leading to congestion and runny nose.
    • Atelectasis: Collapsed lung or part of the lung, leading to reduced gas exchange.
    • Kussmaul Breathing: Deep, labored breathing pattern typically associated with metabolic acidosis.
    • Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Cyclic breathing pattern with periods of apnea followed by increasing then decreasing tidal volumes.
    • Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood.
    • Tachypnea: Abnormally rapid breathing.
    • Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing.
    • Eupnea: Normal, unlabored breathing.

    Nasal Cavity Functions

    • Removes foreign bodies from inhaled air.
    • Warms and moistens incoming air.
    • Houses olfactory receptors for smell.

    Para-Nasal Sinuses

    • Hollow spaces connected to the nasal cavity.
    • Aid in reducing skull weight and enhancing voice resonance.

    Pharynx (Throat)

    • Serves as a passageway for food, liquids, and air.
    • Contains lymphatic tissues: adenoids and tonsils.
    • Connects cranial and thoracic cavities via Eustachian tubes.

    Lymph Nodes

    • Function to filter out pathogens from lymph.
    • Serve as a training ground for T-cells.
    • House red blood cells.

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • Responsible for vocalization and producing sound.
    • Facilitates coughing and sneezing.
    • Contains the epiglottis, which acts as a gateway to prevent aspiration.
    • Houses vocal cords for speech production.

    Trachea (Windpipe)

    • Conducts air to and from the lungs.
    • Palpation location: Above the sternal notch.
    • Branches into right and left bronchi, with the right bronchi being shorter and more vertical.

    Lungs Structure

    • Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes.
    • Lungs are airtight with multiple air sacs (alveoli) for gas exchange.
    • Bronchioles are small tubes devoid of cartilage, leading into alveoli.

    Alveoli

    • Functional unit for gas exchange, surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.
    • Thin membrane, prone to collapse, maintained by alveolar pressure and surfactant.
    • Collapsed alveoli result in atelectasis.

    Pleural Membrane

    • Protective membranes surrounding the lungs.
    • Contains pleural space/cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction and maintain negative pressure.
    • Injury to pleural membranes can lead to lung collapse due to loss of negative pressure.

    Mediastinum

    • Space located between the two lungs containing vital structures.

    Diaphragm

    • Muscle that contracts to lower pressure and facilitate inhalation.
    • Relaxes to raise pressure and facilitate exhalation.

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • Main function includes delivering oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.

    Mechanics of Respiration

    • Inhalation: Typically involves active muscle contraction.
    • Exhalation: Mostly passive, relying on elastic recoil of lung tissue.
    • Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the tracheobronchial tree.
    • Perfusion: Blood flow in capillaries of the lungs.
    • Diffusion: Gases move (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membranes based on concentration gradients.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) after a CVA may lead to aspiration pneumonia, often right-sided.
    • Serous fluid between pleural membranes helps maintain pressure equilibrium.
    • Factors impairing respiratory processes can lead to symptoms like tachypnea or hypoxia.
    • Adventitious: Abnormal lung sounds; can indicate respiratory issues.
    • Hyperventilation: Increased breathing rate; can lead to decreased CO2 levels.
    • Hypoventilation: Decreased breathing rate; can cause increased CO2 levels.
    • Cyanosis: A bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
    • Dyspnea: Difficulty or labored breathing.
    • Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing.
    • Kyphosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine causing a hunchback appearance.
    • Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of the spine, typically in the lumbar region.
    • Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine.
    • Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
    • Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, often leading to congestion and runny nose.
    • Atelectasis: Collapsed lung or part of the lung, leading to reduced gas exchange.
    • Kussmaul Breathing: Deep, labored breathing pattern typically associated with metabolic acidosis.
    • Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Cyclic breathing pattern with periods of apnea followed by increasing then decreasing tidal volumes.
    • Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood.
    • Tachypnea: Abnormally rapid breathing.
    • Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing.
    • Eupnea: Normal, unlabored breathing.

    Nasal Cavity Functions

    • Removes foreign bodies from inhaled air.
    • Warms and moistens incoming air.
    • Houses olfactory receptors for smell.

    Para-Nasal Sinuses

    • Hollow spaces connected to the nasal cavity.
    • Aid in reducing skull weight and enhancing voice resonance.

    Pharynx (Throat)

    • Serves as a passageway for food, liquids, and air.
    • Contains lymphatic tissues: adenoids and tonsils.
    • Connects cranial and thoracic cavities via Eustachian tubes.

    Lymph Nodes

    • Function to filter out pathogens from lymph.
    • Serve as a training ground for T-cells.
    • House red blood cells.

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • Responsible for vocalization and producing sound.
    • Facilitates coughing and sneezing.
    • Contains the epiglottis, which acts as a gateway to prevent aspiration.
    • Houses vocal cords for speech production.

    Trachea (Windpipe)

    • Conducts air to and from the lungs.
    • Palpation location: Above the sternal notch.
    • Branches into right and left bronchi, with the right bronchi being shorter and more vertical.

    Lungs Structure

    • Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes.
    • Lungs are airtight with multiple air sacs (alveoli) for gas exchange.
    • Bronchioles are small tubes devoid of cartilage, leading into alveoli.

    Alveoli

    • Functional unit for gas exchange, surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.
    • Thin membrane, prone to collapse, maintained by alveolar pressure and surfactant.
    • Collapsed alveoli result in atelectasis.

    Pleural Membrane

    • Protective membranes surrounding the lungs.
    • Contains pleural space/cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction and maintain negative pressure.
    • Injury to pleural membranes can lead to lung collapse due to loss of negative pressure.

    Mediastinum

    • Space located between the two lungs containing vital structures.

    Diaphragm

    • Muscle that contracts to lower pressure and facilitate inhalation.
    • Relaxes to raise pressure and facilitate exhalation.

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • Main function includes delivering oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood; pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.

    Mechanics of Respiration

    • Inhalation: Typically involves active muscle contraction.
    • Exhalation: Mostly passive, relying on elastic recoil of lung tissue.
    • Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the tracheobronchial tree.
    • Perfusion: Blood flow in capillaries of the lungs.
    • Diffusion: Gases move (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membranes based on concentration gradients.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) after a CVA may lead to aspiration pneumonia, often right-sided.
    • Serous fluid between pleural membranes helps maintain pressure equilibrium.
    • Factors impairing respiratory processes can lead to symptoms like tachypnea or hypoxia.

    Changes Associated with Aging

    • Cartilage undergoes hardening, potentially affecting joint flexibility.
    • Muscle strength diminishes, impacting overall physical capability.
    • Cough reflex weakens, reducing the respiratory system's defense mechanism.
    • Elasticity of lung tissue decreases, compromising lung function.

    Assessment and Inspection

    • Subjective history involves exploration of allergens, anxiety, family history, and smoking as key contributors to lung disease.
    • Normal chest shape is twice as wide as it is deep, indicating proper lung structure.
    • Barrel chest indicates over-inflation of lungs, resulting in a rounded appearance.
    • Kyphosis is an abnormal thoracic spine curvature, commonly known as hunchback.
    • Lordosis refers to an abnormal lumbar spine curvature, also known as sway-back.

    Breathing Patterns

    • Eupnea is normal breathing (12-20 breaths per minute) characterized by a regular, unlabored rhythm.
    • Bradypnea signifies a slowed breathing rate (<12 breaths/min) with a regular rhythm.
    • Tachypnea indicates a rapid breathing rate (>20 breaths/min) while maintaining a regular rhythm.
    • Hyperventilation shows increased rate and depth of breaths.
    • Hypoventilation reflects decreased rate and depth of breaths.
    • Kussmaul patterns involve rapid breaths (>20/min) with increased depth and a regular rhythm.
    • Cheyne-Stokes breathing features alternating periods of increase and decrease in depth followed by apnea.
    • Apnea denotes a complete cessation of breathing.

    Auscultation

    • Purpose includes assessing airflow through the bronchial tree for respiratory evaluation.
    • Normal breath sounds include vesicular (lung fields) and bronchial (trachea and bronchi).
    • Crackles (or rales) signify moisture in the air passages; fine crackles signal sudden reinflation, while coarse crackles are moist.
    • Rhonchi (sonorous wheezes) indicate mucus presence in larger bronchi.
    • Wheezes (sibilant wheezes) signify airflow through narrowed airways.

    Cough and Nursing Management

    • Coughing is a natural response triggered by irritation of mucous membranes.
    • Significance relates to infection, irritants, or as a protective mechanism for the lungs.
    • Nursing management involves assessing cough onset, characteristics (PQRST), and any associated sputum.
    • Pain control (e.g., splinting), cough suppressants, and antibiotics may be provided.
    • Education focuses on infection control, guided cough techniques, and hydration.

    Sputum Production

    • Refers to matter released from the respiratory tract that can include mucus and may contain pus, blood, or bacteria.
    • Purulent sputum appears thick and yellow-green, indicative of a bacterial infection.
    • Nursing management involves assessing sputum characteristics (color, amount, texture, smell) and hydration needs.
    • Administer expectorants and mucolytics as needed, and provide education on respiratory health practices.

    Sputum Specimen Collection

    • The optimal time to collect a sputum specimen is first thing in the morning, before breakfast, for accurate results.

    Changes Associated with Aging

    • Cartilage undergoes hardening, potentially affecting joint flexibility.
    • Muscle strength diminishes, impacting overall physical capability.
    • Cough reflex weakens, reducing the respiratory system's defense mechanism.
    • Elasticity of lung tissue decreases, compromising lung function.

    Assessment and Inspection

    • Subjective history involves exploration of allergens, anxiety, family history, and smoking as key contributors to lung disease.
    • Normal chest shape is twice as wide as it is deep, indicating proper lung structure.
    • Barrel chest indicates over-inflation of lungs, resulting in a rounded appearance.
    • Kyphosis is an abnormal thoracic spine curvature, commonly known as hunchback.
    • Lordosis refers to an abnormal lumbar spine curvature, also known as sway-back.

    Breathing Patterns

    • Eupnea is normal breathing (12-20 breaths per minute) characterized by a regular, unlabored rhythm.
    • Bradypnea signifies a slowed breathing rate (<12 breaths/min) with a regular rhythm.
    • Tachypnea indicates a rapid breathing rate (>20 breaths/min) while maintaining a regular rhythm.
    • Hyperventilation shows increased rate and depth of breaths.
    • Hypoventilation reflects decreased rate and depth of breaths.
    • Kussmaul patterns involve rapid breaths (>20/min) with increased depth and a regular rhythm.
    • Cheyne-Stokes breathing features alternating periods of increase and decrease in depth followed by apnea.
    • Apnea denotes a complete cessation of breathing.

    Auscultation

    • Purpose includes assessing airflow through the bronchial tree for respiratory evaluation.
    • Normal breath sounds include vesicular (lung fields) and bronchial (trachea and bronchi).
    • Crackles (or rales) signify moisture in the air passages; fine crackles signal sudden reinflation, while coarse crackles are moist.
    • Rhonchi (sonorous wheezes) indicate mucus presence in larger bronchi.
    • Wheezes (sibilant wheezes) signify airflow through narrowed airways.

    Cough and Nursing Management

    • Coughing is a natural response triggered by irritation of mucous membranes.
    • Significance relates to infection, irritants, or as a protective mechanism for the lungs.
    • Nursing management involves assessing cough onset, characteristics (PQRST), and any associated sputum.
    • Pain control (e.g., splinting), cough suppressants, and antibiotics may be provided.
    • Education focuses on infection control, guided cough techniques, and hydration.

    Sputum Production

    • Refers to matter released from the respiratory tract that can include mucus and may contain pus, blood, or bacteria.
    • Purulent sputum appears thick and yellow-green, indicative of a bacterial infection.
    • Nursing management involves assessing sputum characteristics (color, amount, texture, smell) and hydration needs.
    • Administer expectorants and mucolytics as needed, and provide education on respiratory health practices.

    Sputum Specimen Collection

    • The optimal time to collect a sputum specimen is first thing in the morning, before breakfast, for accurate results.

    Hemoptysis

    • Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract.
    • Indicates potential pulmonary or cardiac issues.
    • Nursing management involves determining the source of bleeding as it can be serious.
    • Hemoptysis is defined as coughed up blood, typically associated with pulmonary hemorrhage.
    • Blood appearance is usually pink or red.

    Hematemesis

    • Defined as vomiting blood, originating from the stomach or gastrointestinal tract.
    • Blood may appear as "coffee ground" indicating partially digested content.

    Physical Changes and Assessments in Respiratory System

    • Aging may lead to decreased lung elasticity, altered skeletal structure, and reduced respiratory muscle strength.
    • Three primary rules of respiratory assessment include observing respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth, as well as auscultating lung sounds.

    Chest Abnormalities

    • A barrel chest, characterized by a rounded shape, may indicate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
    • Kyphosis refers to an exaggerated thoracic curvature, while lordosis indicates an excessive lumbar curve, both affecting lung capacity and function.

    Nursing Interventions

    • For clients with a cough, nursing interventions may include deep breathing exercises, administering cough suppressants if necessary, and encouraging fluid intake.
    • To assist patients with thick sputum secretions, nurses can recommend hydration, humidified air, and expectorants.

    Breath Sounds and Cough Assessment

    • Normal breath sounds are typically clear and rhythmic, while abnormal sounds may include wheezing, crackles, or stridor.
    • Important notes for a nurse include assessing the patient’s cough type, sputum characteristics, chest pain, and the presence of hemoptysis.

    Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

    • Sputum specimen collection requires a sterile cup; instruct the patient to take three deep breaths before coughing.
    • A pulse oximeter measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen, with normal SpO2 levels ranging from 95-100%.

    Hemoptysis

    • Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract.
    • Indicates potential pulmonary or cardiac issues.
    • Nursing management involves determining the source of bleeding as it can be serious.
    • Hemoptysis is defined as coughed up blood, typically associated with pulmonary hemorrhage.
    • Blood appearance is usually pink or red.

    Hematemesis

    • Defined as vomiting blood, originating from the stomach or gastrointestinal tract.
    • Blood may appear as "coffee ground" indicating partially digested content.

    Physical Changes and Assessments in Respiratory System

    • Aging may lead to decreased lung elasticity, altered skeletal structure, and reduced respiratory muscle strength.
    • Three primary rules of respiratory assessment include observing respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth, as well as auscultating lung sounds.

    Chest Abnormalities

    • A barrel chest, characterized by a rounded shape, may indicate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
    • Kyphosis refers to an exaggerated thoracic curvature, while lordosis indicates an excessive lumbar curve, both affecting lung capacity and function.

    Nursing Interventions

    • For clients with a cough, nursing interventions may include deep breathing exercises, administering cough suppressants if necessary, and encouraging fluid intake.
    • To assist patients with thick sputum secretions, nurses can recommend hydration, humidified air, and expectorants.

    Breath Sounds and Cough Assessment

    • Normal breath sounds are typically clear and rhythmic, while abnormal sounds may include wheezing, crackles, or stridor.
    • Important notes for a nurse include assessing the patient’s cough type, sputum characteristics, chest pain, and the presence of hemoptysis.

    Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

    • Sputum specimen collection requires a sterile cup; instruct the patient to take three deep breaths before coughing.
    • A pulse oximeter measures the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen, with normal SpO2 levels ranging from 95-100%.

    Thoracentesis

    • Purpose: To remove fluid from the pleural space to prevent lung collapse.
    • If the pleural space fills with fluid, negative pressure is lost, leading to lung collapse and increased pressure in the pleural area.
    • Patient positioning during procedure: either sitting upright or side-lying.
    • Post-operative care includes monitoring vital signs, with coughing considered normal.

    Sputum Studies

    • Used to check for pathogens through culture and sensitivity tests.
    • A WBC count of 3,000 cells/mm³ indicates potential anemia, leukemia, viral, or bacterial infection.
    • Normal WBC count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm³; elevated levels are indicative of bacterial infection, while decreased levels suggest viral infections.

    Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

    • Normal hemoglobin level: 15 g/dL; COPD can cause it to be elevated.
    • Normal hematocrit level: 45%; it decreases in cases of anemia and hemorrhaging but can be elevated due to dehydration or COPD.

    Platelets

    • Main function is to form blood clots, playing a crucial role in hemostasis.

    PTT/PT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

    • Prolonged PTT indicates anticoagulant therapy and an increased risk of hemorrhaging.

    Interventions for Respiratory Disorders

    • Oxygen therapy aims to provide adequate oxygen and reduce the workload on the myocardium, based on ABG assessments.
    • Risks of oxygen therapy include hypoventilation in COPD patients, where oxygen levels can alter respiratory drive.

    Oxygen Administration in COPD

    • Patients should receive supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula starting at 1-2 L/min.
    • Monitor oxygen saturation levels; if low (e.g., 89%), nursing actions may include increasing oxygen levels or notifying a doctor for orders.

    Oxygen Safety

    • Key safety precautions include:
      • No smoking or open flames
      • Avoid using petroleum-based products or alcohol near oxygen
      • Ensure no friction-based toys are used

    Nebulizer Mist Treatment

    • Delivers medication (such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids) directly into the lungs, minimizing systemic side effects.

    Application of Metered Dose Inhalers

    • Administers inhaled medications with similar goals to nebulization; commonly used for corticosteroids and bronchodilators.

    Vital Signs and Respiratory Distress

    • Indicators of respiratory distress include elevated respiratory rates and irregular rhythms.
    • Regular monitoring is critical; report alarming signs to the physician.

    Influenza

    • Highly contagious viral infection with droplet transmission and potential complications like bacterial pneumonia.
    • Symptoms include runny nose (rhinitis), chills, fever, headache, malaise, and fatigue.

    Influenza Vaccine

    • Effectiveness: approximately 85% for one year.
    • Recommended for individuals over 50, nursing home residents, pregnant women, and others with chronic health issues.

    Antiviral Medications

    • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) should be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset for maximum effectiveness.

    Flu Priority Interventions

    • Self-care, symptomatic relief, and prevention of complications and spread are key focuses in managing flu cases.

    Thoracentesis

    • Purpose: To remove fluid from the pleural space to prevent lung collapse.
    • If the pleural space fills with fluid, negative pressure is lost, leading to lung collapse and increased pressure in the pleural area.
    • Patient positioning during procedure: either sitting upright or side-lying.
    • Post-operative care includes monitoring vital signs, with coughing considered normal.

    Sputum Studies

    • Used to check for pathogens through culture and sensitivity tests.
    • A WBC count of 3,000 cells/mm³ indicates potential anemia, leukemia, viral, or bacterial infection.
    • Normal WBC count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm³; elevated levels are indicative of bacterial infection, while decreased levels suggest viral infections.

    Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

    • Normal hemoglobin level: 15 g/dL; COPD can cause it to be elevated.
    • Normal hematocrit level: 45%; it decreases in cases of anemia and hemorrhaging but can be elevated due to dehydration or COPD.

    Platelets

    • Main function is to form blood clots, playing a crucial role in hemostasis.

    PTT/PT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

    • Prolonged PTT indicates anticoagulant therapy and an increased risk of hemorrhaging.

    Interventions for Respiratory Disorders

    • Oxygen therapy aims to provide adequate oxygen and reduce the workload on the myocardium, based on ABG assessments.
    • Risks of oxygen therapy include hypoventilation in COPD patients, where oxygen levels can alter respiratory drive.

    Oxygen Administration in COPD

    • Patients should receive supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula starting at 1-2 L/min.
    • Monitor oxygen saturation levels; if low (e.g., 89%), nursing actions may include increasing oxygen levels or notifying a doctor for orders.

    Oxygen Safety

    • Key safety precautions include:
      • No smoking or open flames
      • Avoid using petroleum-based products or alcohol near oxygen
      • Ensure no friction-based toys are used

    Nebulizer Mist Treatment

    • Delivers medication (such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids) directly into the lungs, minimizing systemic side effects.

    Application of Metered Dose Inhalers

    • Administers inhaled medications with similar goals to nebulization; commonly used for corticosteroids and bronchodilators.

    Vital Signs and Respiratory Distress

    • Indicators of respiratory distress include elevated respiratory rates and irregular rhythms.
    • Regular monitoring is critical; report alarming signs to the physician.

    Influenza

    • Highly contagious viral infection with droplet transmission and potential complications like bacterial pneumonia.
    • Symptoms include runny nose (rhinitis), chills, fever, headache, malaise, and fatigue.

    Influenza Vaccine

    • Effectiveness: approximately 85% for one year.
    • Recommended for individuals over 50, nursing home residents, pregnant women, and others with chronic health issues.

    Antiviral Medications

    • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) should be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset for maximum effectiveness.

    Flu Priority Interventions

    • Self-care, symptomatic relief, and prevention of complications and spread are key focuses in managing flu cases.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of essential terms related to the respiratory system. This quiz covers various terminology including hyperventilation, dyspnea, and more. Perfect for students learning about human anatomy and physiology.

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