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Questions and Answers
At what age do the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses typically develop?
Which function is NOT associated with the paranasal air sinuses?
What condition is characterized by inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinus?
Which sinus develops during puberty and continues to grow until approximately age 17-18?
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What can happen if the apertures of the sinuses become blocked or filled with fluid?
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What is the clinical significance of Kiesselbach's plexus?
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Which of the following best describes the location of the pharynx?
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Which area is commonly associated with the bleeding of the nose?
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What anatomical structures communicate with the pharynx?
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Where is the tubal tonsil located?
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What anatomical structure lies directly in front of the C3-C6 vertebrae?
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Which condition involves hypertrophy of the mucosa over the inferior nasal concha?
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What describes the shape of the pharynx?
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Which structure opens into the inferior meatus?
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What structure is found above the bulla ethmoidalis?
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What is the main artery supplying the lateral wall of the nose?
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Which nerve is responsible for special sensory functions in the lateral wall of the nose?
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What may cause nasal congestion that requires surgical correction?
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Which passage leads from the anterior end of the hiatus semilunaris?
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Which sinus opens into the superior meatus?
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What is primarily involved in the spread of infection to the middle cranial fossa?
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What is the shape of the external nose described as?
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Which artery is NOT primarily involved in the blood supply of the external nose?
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What is the length of each half of the nasal cavity?
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Which part of the nasal cavity's roof is formed by the cribriform plate?
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What is the width of the nasal cavity near its floor?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the external nose?
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What structure separates the nasal cavity into two halves?
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Which of the following is false regarding the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
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What are the three types of constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
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Which muscle is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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Which of the following arteries does NOT supply blood to the pharynx?
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What is Killian's dehiscence?
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Which of the following sinuses is located in the frontal bone?
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Which epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
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Which structure divides the pharynx into posterior and lateral walls?
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Which lymph nodes drain the lymphatic vessels of the pharynx?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Intro
- Includes introductory information and the different functions of the respiratory system
- Covers structural and functional divisions
- Summarizes the innervation of the respiratory system
- Provides details of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and its subdivisions
Nose
- External nose
- Pyramid shaped
- Contains an apex(tip), root, dorsum and nares (nostrils)
- Medially separated by the nasal septum
- Laterally separated by the ala of the nose
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Nose
- Arteries:
- Dorsal nasal branch (ophthalmic)
- Infraorbital branch (maxillary)
- Alar and Septal branches (facial)
- Innervation:
- Sensory
- External nasal and infraorbital branches (ophthalmic)
- Alar, Septal, and infratrochlear branches (ophthalmic)
- Motor:
- Facial Nerve branches
- Sensory
Nasal Cavity
- Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
- Extends from the nostrils to the choanae
- Subdivided into the vestibule and nasal cavity
Vestibule
- Located near the nostrils
- Contains skin, hairs, and sebaceous glands
Nasal Cavity: Extent and Division
- Extends from the nostrils to the choanae
- Contains a roof, floor, medial wall, and lateral wall
- Each half measures 5 cm in height, 5-7 cm in length, and 1.5 cm in width near the floor
- 1-2 mm in width near the roof
Nasal Cavity: Roof
- 7 cm long
- 2 mm wide
- Slopes downwards both in front and behind
- Contains the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
- Anterior slope contains the nasal part of the frontal bone, nasal bone, and nasal cartilages
- Posterior slope contains the inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone
Nasal Cavity: Floor
- 5 cm long
- 1.5 cm wide
- Formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
- Concave from side to side
- Anteriorly continuous with the vestibule
Lateral Wall of Nose
- Contains 3 turbinates (conchae): inferior, middle, and superior
- Each turbinate has a meatus (passage) underneath it
- Structures that open into the nasal meatus:
- Inferior Meatus: Nasolacrimal duct
- Middle Meatus: Frontal sinus, Maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoidal cells, middle ethmoidal cells
- Superior Meatus: Posterior ethmoidal cells
- Sphenoethmoidal Recess: Sphenoidal sinus
Lateral Wall of Nose: Arterial Supply
- Anterior ethmoidal
- Posterior ethmoidal
- Sphenopalatine
- Facial
- Greater palatine
Lateral Wall of Nose: Nerve Supply
- Anterior ethmoidal: Posterior superior lateral nasal (ophthalmic)
- Anterior superior alveolar: Anterior palate (maxillary)
- Pterygopalatine ganglion (maxillary)
Olfactory Nerve
- Provides special sensory information to the nasal cavity
Applied Anatomy of the Nose
-
Spread of Infection:
- Infection can spread from the nasal cavity to the middle cranial fossa through the cribriform plate
- Infection can also spread to the lacrimal apparatus through the nasolacrimal duct
- Septal Deviation: Deviation causes congestion and obstruction, which can be corrected by submucosal resection of the nasal septum
- Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. Infection in this area can spread along the olfactory nerves to the cranial cavity.
- Nasal Fracture: A break or crack in the bone or cartilage of your nose. Usually occurs over the bridge of the nose or in the septum.
Applied Anatomy of the Nose: Key Structures
-
Little’s Area (Kiesselbach's area): An area in the anteroinferior part of the nasal septum where four arteries anastomose to form a vascular plexus.
- Common site of epistaxis (nosebleeds)
- Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS)
- Nasal Polyps
Pharynx
- 12-14 cm long musculomembranous tube shaped like an inverted cone
- Extends from the cranial base to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
- Communicates with the nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities through the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, respectively
- Divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
- Contains the opening of the auditory tube (Eustachian tube), tubal elevation, salpingopharyngeal and salpingopalatine folds, tubal tonsil, and pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
- Communicates with the oropharynx through the pharyngeal isthmus
Oropharynx
- Lies in front of C2 and the upper part of C3 vertebrae
- Contains the palatopharyngeal folds, palatine tonsils, and tonsillar sinus
Laryngopharynx
- Lies in front of C3-C6 vertebrae
- Upper part formed by the inlet of the larynx
- Below and posterior surfaces formed by the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages
- Wall of the pharynx is formed by skeletal muscles and fascia
- Buccopharyngeal fascia coats the outside of the muscle wall
- Pharyngobasilar fascia lines the inside of the muscle wall
Constrictors of the Pharynx
- Superior, middle, and inferior constrictors
- All originate posterior to the nasal, oral, and laryngeal cavities
- Fibers pass to the posterior and lateral walls of the pharynx, meeting to form a midline raphe
Longitudinal Muscles of the Pharynx
- Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus
Nerve Supply of Pharyngeal Muscles
- All constrictors and salpingopharyngeus: pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
- Stylopharyngeus: glossopharyngeal nerve
- Palatopharyngeus: cranial part of the accessory nerve
Blood Vessels and Lymphatics of the Pharynx
- Arteries: Ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries
- Veins: Venous plexus surrounding the pharynx drains into the internal jugular and facial veins
- Lymphatics: Drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes
Nerve Supply of the Pharynx
- Pharyngeal plexus formed by branches of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and cranial accessory nerves
Killian’s Dehiscence
- Triangular area in the wall of the pharynx between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx
- Represents a potentially weak spot where a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's diverticulum) is more likely to occur
Paranasal Air Sinuses
- Air-filled spaces in bones that surround the nasal cavity
- Named according to the bones in which they are located:
- Maxillary sinuses (Antrum of Highmore)
- Ethmoid sinuses
- Frontal sinus
- Sphenoid sinus
Paranasal Air Sinuses: Location and Development
- Located in the interior of the maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
- Lined with mucoperiosteum and filled with air
- Communicate with the nasal cavity through small apertures
- Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Maxillary sinuses aerated at birth
- Frontal and sphenoidal sinuses develop at age 6-7 years
- Ethmoid sinuses develop during puberty and continue developing until 17-18 years of age
Paranasal Air Sinuses: Functions
- Decrease skull bone weight
- Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
- Serve as a resonating chamber for voice
- Act as shock absorbers in trauma
- Possibly help control the immune system
Applied Anatomy of the Paranasal Air Sinuses
-
Sinusitis: Inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinus
- Healthy sinuses are filled with air
- When blocked and filled with fluid, germs can grow and cause infection
- Can be acute, subacute, chronic, and recurrent
- Sinusitis Causes: Common cold, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and deviated nasal septum
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of the respiratory system, including its structural and functional divisions. This quiz covers the anatomy of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and their respective roles. Understand the blood supply and innervation that support these structures.
