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Questions and Answers
What is the function of mucous and serous glands in the trachea and lower portion of the respiratory system?
What is the function of mucous and serous glands in the trachea and lower portion of the respiratory system?
- To moisten the air and trap extraneous matter (correct)
- To aid in gas exchange
- To produce hormones for respiration
- To regulate body temperature
What type of epithelium lines the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium lines the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
- Stratified squamous epithelium (correct)
- Transitional epithelium
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
Which cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
- Ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells (correct)
- Basal cells and brush cells
- Dense core granule cells only
- Endothelial cells
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
Which type of epithelium lines the posterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Which type of epithelium lines the posterior portion of the nasal cavity?
What type of tissue is the lamina propria primarily composed of?
What type of tissue is the lamina propria primarily composed of?
Which type of glands are present in the submucosa of the respiratory system?
Which type of glands are present in the submucosa of the respiratory system?
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
In which part of the respiratory system do goblet cells get replaced by Clara cells?
In which part of the respiratory system do goblet cells get replaced by Clara cells?
As bronchi branch and become smaller, what happens to the cartilage plates?
As bronchi branch and become smaller, what happens to the cartilage plates?
What kind of epithelium is present in the bronchioles?
What kind of epithelium is present in the bronchioles?
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Where does gaseous exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Where does gaseous exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system traps particulate matter to clean the incoming air?
Which part of the respiratory system traps particulate matter to clean the incoming air?
What is the purpose of the skeletal muscles like diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?
What is the purpose of the skeletal muscles like diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system conducts air from the environment into the respiratory spaces?
Which part of the respiratory system conducts air from the environment into the respiratory spaces?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
Which type of cells make up the surface epithelium in alveoli?
Which type of cells make up the surface epithelium in alveoli?
What do Clara cells in the respiratory bronchioles contain?
What do Clara cells in the respiratory bronchioles contain?
What is the function of alveolar sacs in the respiratory system?
What is the function of alveolar sacs in the respiratory system?
Which component is NOT found in the interalveolar septum?
Which component is NOT found in the interalveolar septum?
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Which type of fibers make up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Which type of fibers make up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Which characteristic describes the histology of bronchi in the respiratory system?
Which characteristic describes the histology of bronchi in the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of smooth muscle in the respiratory bronchi?
What is the primary role of smooth muscle in the respiratory bronchi?
The terminal bronchioles are divided into conducting bronchioles.
The terminal bronchioles are divided into conducting bronchioles.
Alveoli are responsible for the compact structure of the lung.
Alveoli are responsible for the compact structure of the lung.
Clara cells in respiratory bronchioles contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.
Clara cells in respiratory bronchioles contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.
Each alveolar sac opens into several alveoli.
Each alveolar sac opens into several alveoli.
The wall between neighboring alveoli consists of thick squamous epithelial layers.
The wall between neighboring alveoli consists of thick squamous epithelial layers.
Type 1 pneumocytes in alveoli are small cuboidal cells.
Type 1 pneumocytes in alveoli are small cuboidal cells.
The epithelium of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity is stratified squamous.
The epithelium of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity is stratified squamous.
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains numerous blood vessels.
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains numerous blood vessels.
The epithelium lining of the trachea is different from that of the nasal cavity.
The epithelium lining of the trachea is different from that of the nasal cavity.
Goblet cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity.
Goblet cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity.
The trachea and lower respiratory portion have glands that secrete mainly oil.
The trachea and lower respiratory portion have glands that secrete mainly oil.
The posterior lining of the nasal cavity is olfactory epithelium.
The posterior lining of the nasal cavity is olfactory epithelium.
The lamina propria contains dense connective tissue.
The lamina propria contains dense connective tissue.
The trachea contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
The trachea contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
Smooth muscle tissue forms the Trachealis muscle in the bronchioles.
Smooth muscle tissue forms the Trachealis muscle in the bronchioles.
Clara cells replace goblet cells in large bronchioles.
Clara cells replace goblet cells in large bronchioles.
The epithelium in terminal bronchioles is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
The epithelium in terminal bronchioles is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
Mixed glands become more abundant as bronchi branch and become smaller.
Mixed glands become more abundant as bronchi branch and become smaller.
The human respiratory system may be subdivided into 3 parts: conducting portion, respiratory portion, and gaseous exchange portion.
The human respiratory system may be subdivided into 3 parts: conducting portion, respiratory portion, and gaseous exchange portion.
The conducting portion of the respiratory system cleans, moistens, and cools the incoming air.
The conducting portion of the respiratory system cleans, moistens, and cools the incoming air.
The conducting portion includes structures like the larynx, bronchi, and alveoli.
The conducting portion includes structures like the larynx, bronchi, and alveoli.
The respiratory portion of the human respiratory system consists of interconnected air-filled spaces that allow rapid gaseous exchange.
The respiratory portion of the human respiratory system consists of interconnected air-filled spaces that allow rapid gaseous exchange.
The skeletal muscles involved in the respiratory system include the diaphragm and biceps muscle.
The skeletal muscles involved in the respiratory system include the diaphragm and biceps muscle.
The primary function of the conducting portion is to provide a passage for air and to warm, moisten, and clean it.
The primary function of the conducting portion is to provide a passage for air and to warm, moisten, and clean it.
Type 2 pneumocytes secrete a surface active material known as surfactant.
Type 2 pneumocytes secrete a surface active material known as surfactant.
Bronchi have cartilage rings that become irregular as they branch off.
Bronchi have cartilage rings that become irregular as they branch off.
Alveolar macrophages are derived from alveolar epithelial cells.
Alveolar macrophages are derived from alveolar epithelial cells.
Respiratory bronchi have goblet cells present in their lining.
Respiratory bronchi have goblet cells present in their lining.
Smooth muscle in the respiratory system is primarily found in the submucosa.
Smooth muscle in the respiratory system is primarily found in the submucosa.
What is the primary function of the Trachealis muscle in the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
What is the primary function of the Trachealis muscle in the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
What cell type replaces goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?
What cell type replaces goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?
What is the composition of the lamina propria in the respiratory system?
What is the composition of the lamina propria in the respiratory system?
What happens to cartilage plates as bronchi branch and become smaller?
What happens to cartilage plates as bronchi branch and become smaller?
Which type of epithelium lines the large bronchioles in the respiratory system?
Which type of epithelium lines the large bronchioles in the respiratory system?
What is the primary component of the muscularis externa in intrapulmonary bronchi?
What is the primary component of the muscularis externa in intrapulmonary bronchi?
What type of cells line the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
What type of cells line the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Which type of glands moisten the air in the trachea and lower respiratory portion?
Which type of glands moisten the air in the trachea and lower respiratory portion?
What is the primary epithelium type lining the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
What is the primary epithelium type lining the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
Which cell type is NOT found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
Which cell type is NOT found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
In the nasal cavity, what is the function of the posterior olfactory epithelium?
In the nasal cavity, what is the function of the posterior olfactory epithelium?
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes in the respiratory system?
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes in the respiratory system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bronchi histology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bronchi histology?
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Which type of tissue makes up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Which type of tissue makes up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Where are alveolar macrophages derived from in the respiratory system?
Where are alveolar macrophages derived from in the respiratory system?
What cell type in the respiratory bronchioles is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances?
What cell type in the respiratory bronchioles is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances?
Which part of the bronchial tree contains a small number of alveoli in their walls?
Which part of the bronchial tree contains a small number of alveoli in their walls?
What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the composition of the wall between neighboring alveoli in the respiratory system?
What is the composition of the wall between neighboring alveoli in the respiratory system?
Which cell type constitutes a part of the thin gaseous diffusion barrier in the alveoli?
Which cell type constitutes a part of the thin gaseous diffusion barrier in the alveoli?
What is the terminal portion of the bronchial tree that gives the lung its spongy structure?
What is the terminal portion of the bronchial tree that gives the lung its spongy structure?
Study Notes
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system provides gaseous exchange between the environment and the blood.
- The human respiratory system is divided into two parts: conducting portion and respiratory portion.
Conducting Portion
- Function: to provide a passage way for air, warming, moistening, and cleaning it.
- Consists of: nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchiole.
- Cleans, moistens, and warms the incoming air by:
- Hair and secretion of sebaceous glands in nasal cavity trapping particulate matter.
- Secretions of mucous and serous glands in trachea and lower portion moistening the air and trapping extraneous matter.
Nasal Cavity
- Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria.
- Epithelium:
- Anterior portion lined by stratified squamous epithelia.
- Posterior lined by olfactory which is pseudostratified columnar epithelia.
- Contain many cell types: ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells (mucus secreting), basal cells, brush cells, and dense core granule cells.
- Lamina propria: primarily loose with numerous blood vessels and compound serous tubule-acinar.
Trachea and Extra Pulmonary (Primary Bronchi)
- Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria.
- Epithelium: similar to pseudostratified ciliated columnar (respiratory) epithelia of nasal cavity.
- Muscularis externa: contains three types of tissues:
- Tracheal rings (C-shaped, open dorsally) of hyaline cartilage enclosed by a perichondrium of dense regular collagenous C.T.
- Smooth muscle tissue forming the Trachealis muscle.
- Moderate dense fibrous elastic connective tissue between adjacent tracheal rings.
Bronchioles
- Wall composed of smooth muscle fibers.
- Epithelium:
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
- Goblet cells still common in large bronchioles.
- Goblet cells replaced by Clara cells in terminal bronchioles.
- Clara cells:
- Tall columnar cells with IV apical secretory granules.
- Contain enzymes system which detoxify noxious substances.
- Act as stem cells and produce one of surfactant components.
Terminal Portion of Respiratory Tree
- Smallest passages of conducting system further branches become involved in gaseous exchange.
- Each terminal bronchiole is divided into respiratory bronchioles which contain small numbers of alveoli in their walls.
- Respiratory bronchioles epithelia:
- No goblet cells.
- Consist of ciliated cuboidal cells and Clara cells.
Alveoli
- Sac-like invaginations.
- Responsible for the spongy structure of the lung.
- Wall between 2 neighboring alveoli termed as interalveolar septum:
- Consist of 2 thin squamous epithelial layers.
- Between which lie capillaries, elastic and collagen fibers, and fibroblast.
- Surface-epithelium:
- Type 1 pneumocyte: large squamous cells constitute part of the thin gaseous diffusion barrier.
- Type 2 pneumocyte: rounded shape, secreting a surface active material called surfactant which reduces surface tension within alveoli, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.
Alveolar Macrophage
- Derived from blood monocytes.
- Found in alveolar spaces and alveolar septa.
- Function: phagocytosis and removal of unwanted material.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the histology of the respiratory system including the structure of the trachea, primary bronchi, and muscularis externa. Identify the components of the lamina propria, submucosa, and tracheal rings in this quiz.
