87 Questions
What is the function of mucous and serous glands in the trachea and lower portion of the respiratory system?
To moisten the air and trap extraneous matter
What type of epithelium lines the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
Ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
Similar to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal cavity
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
Primarily loose with numerous blood vessels
Which type of epithelium lines the posterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What type of tissue is the lamina propria primarily composed of?
Elastic tissue
Which type of glands are present in the submucosa of the respiratory system?
Tubule acinar glands
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
In which part of the respiratory system do goblet cells get replaced by Clara cells?
Terminal bronchioles
As bronchi branch and become smaller, what happens to the cartilage plates?
Disappear gradually
What kind of epithelium is present in the bronchioles?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Clean, moisten, and warm incoming air
Where does gaseous exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Alveoli
Which part of the respiratory system traps particulate matter to clean the incoming air?
Nasal cavity
What is the purpose of the skeletal muscles like diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?
Facilitate breathing
Which part of the respiratory system conducts air from the environment into the respiratory spaces?
Trachea
What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?
Conduct air to and from the lungs
Which type of cells make up the surface epithelium in alveoli?
Type 1 pneumocytes
What do Clara cells in the respiratory bronchioles contain?
Enzyme system for detoxification
What is the function of alveolar sacs in the respiratory system?
Opening into several alveoli
Which component is NOT found in the interalveolar septum?
Clara cells
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
Alveoli
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
Type 2 pneumocyte
What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Phagocytosis and removal of unwanted materials
Which type of fibers make up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Collagenous and elastic fibers
Which characteristic describes the histology of bronchi in the respiratory system?
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
What is the primary role of smooth muscle in the respiratory bronchi?
Contract and regulate airway diameter
The terminal bronchioles are divided into conducting bronchioles.
False
Alveoli are responsible for the compact structure of the lung.
False
Clara cells in respiratory bronchioles contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances.
True
Each alveolar sac opens into several alveoli.
True
The wall between neighboring alveoli consists of thick squamous epithelial layers.
False
Type 1 pneumocytes in alveoli are small cuboidal cells.
False
The epithelium of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity is stratified squamous.
False
The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains numerous blood vessels.
True
The epithelium lining of the trachea is different from that of the nasal cavity.
False
Goblet cells are found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity.
True
The trachea and lower respiratory portion have glands that secrete mainly oil.
False
The posterior lining of the nasal cavity is olfactory epithelium.
False
The lamina propria contains dense connective tissue.
False
The trachea contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
True
Smooth muscle tissue forms the Trachealis muscle in the bronchioles.
False
Clara cells replace goblet cells in large bronchioles.
False
The epithelium in terminal bronchioles is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
False
Mixed glands become more abundant as bronchi branch and become smaller.
False
The human respiratory system may be subdivided into 3 parts: conducting portion, respiratory portion, and gaseous exchange portion.
False
The conducting portion of the respiratory system cleans, moistens, and cools the incoming air.
False
The conducting portion includes structures like the larynx, bronchi, and alveoli.
False
The respiratory portion of the human respiratory system consists of interconnected air-filled spaces that allow rapid gaseous exchange.
True
The skeletal muscles involved in the respiratory system include the diaphragm and biceps muscle.
False
The primary function of the conducting portion is to provide a passage for air and to warm, moisten, and clean it.
True
Type 2 pneumocytes secrete a surface active material known as surfactant.
True
Bronchi have cartilage rings that become irregular as they branch off.
False
Alveolar macrophages are derived from alveolar epithelial cells.
False
Respiratory bronchi have goblet cells present in their lining.
False
Smooth muscle in the respiratory system is primarily found in the submucosa.
False
What is the primary function of the Trachealis muscle in the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi?
To connect the ends of each tracheal ring
What cell type replaces goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?
Clara cells
What is the composition of the lamina propria in the respiratory system?
Elastic tissue and lymphoid tissue
What happens to cartilage plates as bronchi branch and become smaller?
They disappear completely
Which type of epithelium lines the large bronchioles in the respiratory system?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What is the primary component of the muscularis externa in intrapulmonary bronchi?
Smooth muscle tissue
What type of cells line the anterior portion of the nasal cavity?
Stratified squamous epithelial cells
Which type of glands moisten the air in the trachea and lower respiratory portion?
Serous glands
What is the primary epithelium type lining the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which cell type is NOT found in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?
Basal cells
In the nasal cavity, what is the function of the posterior olfactory epithelium?
Detects odors
What characterizes the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?
Loose with numerous blood vessels
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Providing a passage for air and cleaning it
Which cell type secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli?
Type 2 pneumocytes
What characterizes the lining of the trachea and extra-pulmonary primary bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Where does each terminal bronchiole lead to?
Alveolar sacs
What type of tissue encloses the hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea and primary bronchi?
Dense connective tissue
What is responsible for the spongy structure of the lung?
Alveolar sacs opening into several alveoli
What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes in the respiratory system?
Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension within alveoli
Which of the following is a characteristic of bronchi histology?
Irregular cartilage rings along the wall
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?
Phagocytosis and removal of unwanted material
Which type of tissue makes up the supporting tissue in the respiratory system?
Dense connective tissue
Where are alveolar macrophages derived from in the respiratory system?
Alveolar septa
What cell type in the respiratory bronchioles is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances?
Clara cells
Which part of the bronchial tree contains a small number of alveoli in their walls?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Facilitate gaseous exchange
What is the composition of the wall between neighboring alveoli in the respiratory system?
Capillaries and elastic fibers
Which cell type constitutes a part of the thin gaseous diffusion barrier in the alveoli?
Type 1 pneumocytes
What is the terminal portion of the bronchial tree that gives the lung its spongy structure?
Alveolar sacs
Study Notes
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system provides gaseous exchange between the environment and the blood.
- The human respiratory system is divided into two parts: conducting portion and respiratory portion.
Conducting Portion
- Function: to provide a passage way for air, warming, moistening, and cleaning it.
- Consists of: nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchiole.
- Cleans, moistens, and warms the incoming air by:
- Hair and secretion of sebaceous glands in nasal cavity trapping particulate matter.
- Secretions of mucous and serous glands in trachea and lower portion moistening the air and trapping extraneous matter.
Nasal Cavity
- Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria.
- Epithelium:
- Anterior portion lined by stratified squamous epithelia.
- Posterior lined by olfactory which is pseudostratified columnar epithelia.
- Contain many cell types: ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells (mucus secreting), basal cells, brush cells, and dense core granule cells.
- Lamina propria: primarily loose with numerous blood vessels and compound serous tubule-acinar.
Trachea and Extra Pulmonary (Primary Bronchi)
- Mucosa: epithelium and lamina propria.
- Epithelium: similar to pseudostratified ciliated columnar (respiratory) epithelia of nasal cavity.
- Muscularis externa: contains three types of tissues:
- Tracheal rings (C-shaped, open dorsally) of hyaline cartilage enclosed by a perichondrium of dense regular collagenous C.T.
- Smooth muscle tissue forming the Trachealis muscle.
- Moderate dense fibrous elastic connective tissue between adjacent tracheal rings.
Bronchioles
- Wall composed of smooth muscle fibers.
- Epithelium:
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
- Goblet cells still common in large bronchioles.
- Goblet cells replaced by Clara cells in terminal bronchioles.
- Clara cells:
- Tall columnar cells with IV apical secretory granules.
- Contain enzymes system which detoxify noxious substances.
- Act as stem cells and produce one of surfactant components.
Terminal Portion of Respiratory Tree
- Smallest passages of conducting system further branches become involved in gaseous exchange.
- Each terminal bronchiole is divided into respiratory bronchioles which contain small numbers of alveoli in their walls.
- Respiratory bronchioles epithelia:
- No goblet cells.
- Consist of ciliated cuboidal cells and Clara cells.
Alveoli
- Sac-like invaginations.
- Responsible for the spongy structure of the lung.
- Wall between 2 neighboring alveoli termed as interalveolar septum:
- Consist of 2 thin squamous epithelial layers.
- Between which lie capillaries, elastic and collagen fibers, and fibroblast.
- Surface-epithelium:
- Type 1 pneumocyte: large squamous cells constitute part of the thin gaseous diffusion barrier.
- Type 2 pneumocyte: rounded shape, secreting a surface active material called surfactant which reduces surface tension within alveoli, preventing alveolar collapse during expiration.
Alveolar Macrophage
- Derived from blood monocytes.
- Found in alveolar spaces and alveolar septa.
- Function: phagocytosis and removal of unwanted material.
Test your knowledge of the histology of the respiratory system including the structure of the trachea, primary bronchi, and muscularis externa. Identify the components of the lamina propria, submucosa, and tracheal rings in this quiz.
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