Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Cellular Respiration

What is the main purpose of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Which process involves the movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ?

According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, what does the rate of diffusion of a gas depend on?

In gas exchange, where do O2 and CO2 diffuse to and from?

Why is gas exchange essential for aerobic organisms?

What characteristic allows oxygen and other gases to easily cross cell membranes?

What is the main purpose of sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries?

Why do respiratory pigments like hemoglobin increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?

Why does hemoglobin exhibit a sigmoidal shape on the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve?

How does a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen affect the delivery of oxygen according to the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve?

Which factor does NOT influence hemoglobin's binding affinity to O2?

What happens to the color of blood when hemoglobin is fully deoxygenated?

What is the function of cilia in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?

Which lung volume refers to the normal volume of air inhaled with each breath?

Where are the main breathing control centers located in humans?

What does the medulla oblongata regulate in relation to breathing?

What is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after maximum inhalation?

How is residual volume of air described after exhalation?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the size of the lungs in humans?

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm during breathing?

According to Boyle's Law, what is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas in a closed space?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanics of breathing in humans?

What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the process of breathing?

According to the information provided, which of the following statements is incorrect?

During inhalation, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs compared to the atmospheric pressure?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the diaphragm during exhalation?

What is the primary mechanism that drives air into the lungs during inhalation?

During exhalation, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs compared to the atmospheric pressure?

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the thoracic cavity volume and lung volume during inhalation and exhalation?

What is the primary driving force that causes air to be expelled from the lungs during exhalation?

Gas exchange is the mechanism where aerobic organism acquire O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of ______

Partial pressure is a measure of the concentration of individual components in a mixture of gases…the rate of diffusion of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure within the total gas mixture. A gas diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial ______

Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs as a result of differences in partial ______

Gas Exchange Involves five major steps: Ventilation is the movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ such as a lung or ______

Diffusion at the respiratory surface where O2 moves from the air or water into the blood and CO2 moves from the blood into the air or ______

Oxygen and other gases are hydrophobic molecules that easily cross cell membranes through simple ______

Alveoli are wrapped by ______

Surfactant is a complex liquid mixture of lipids and ______ secreted by Type II alveolar cells

Production of surfactants starts after 20 weeks of ______

Preterm infants do not produce enough ______

Infants are treated with exogenous ______

Lack of surfactant can lead to respiratory distress ______

Air inhaled through the ______ à pharynx à larynx (voice box) à trachea (windpipe) à bronchi à bronchioles à alveolar ducts à alveolar sacs = site of gas exchange

Human respiratory system is dived in two parts: Upper Respiratory System Nasal ______

Mucus and cilia prevent particulate matter from entering the ______

Pharynx ✓ Region shared by digestive and respiratory system.✓ Connects the nasal cavity with ______

Trachea is fairly rigid since its walls have about 16 to 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous ______

These rings have two main purposes: Keep trachea open (i.e., prevent collapsing) during breathing so that oxygen can reach alveoli deep in the lungs ✓Cartilaginous rings are incomplete (or C-shaped) instead of complete (or O-shaped) so that expansion of esophagus occurs during ______ as food or liquids move through it

Bohr shift to left means O2 binds strongly to ______

Bohr shift to right means O2 is released readily by ______

In humans, the oxygen association/dissociation curve of fetal hemoglobin is found to the ______ of the oxygen association/dissociation curve adult hemoglobin

Carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin, it does not compete with oxygen for the iron-binding positions but is bound to the protein chains of the ______ structure

Three ways CO2 is transported in the blood: Dissolved in plasma = 7%, Bound to hemoglobin (which becomes carbaminohemoglobin) = 23%, As bicarbonate ions – (HCO3 ) = ______%

Respiratory pigments help in carrying oxygen around throughout the circulatory system. Respiratory pigments are metal-containing proteins which combine reversibly with oxygen, increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Most vertebrates and some invertebrates use ______ as their main respiratory pigment.

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry ______ molecules of O2.

The oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve representing hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen shows that a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in the delivery of O2. The sigmoidal shape of the curve is the result of ______ binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin exhibits cooperative binding, in which oxygen binding to the active site of one subunit increases the affinity of hemoglobin to bind more oxygen at the remaining active sites of the other subunits. Hemoglobin binding affinity to O2 varies with pH, temperature, and ______ concentration.

Blood is bright red when hemoglobin is fully oxygenated, and dark red when hemoglobin is fully ______.

Sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood. These sensors exert secondary control over breathing by sending signals to the breathing control center. These sensors are known as ______.

Humans excrete nitrogen through ______ like many other mammals.

Kidneys are the main excretory organ in humans. The kidney osmoregulates the body’s internal environment by controlling the amount of water and salts excreted through the ______.

Water and electrolytes are lost through sweat glands in the ______.

Lungs are in charge of removing ______.

Liver breaks down toxic substances in the blood, as well as produces ______.

Large intestine (colon) removes solid waste and some water in the form of ______.

The nephron is the functional unit of the ______

Kidneys use filtration, reabsorption, and secretion to produce ______

The primary function of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm during breathing is ______

Surfactant is a complex liquid mixture of lipids and ______ secreted by Type II alveolar cells

According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on the difference in its partial ______

Where does reabsorption of glucose occur in the nephron? A. Bowman’s capsule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Loop of Henle D. Distal convoluted tubule E. Collecting duct Where does reabsorption of glucose occur in the nephron? A. Bowman’s capsule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Loop of Henle D. Distal convoluted tubule E. Collecting duct The descending loop of Henle in the nephron is permeable to which of the following substances? A. Potassium ions B. Sodium ions C. Water D. + H ions The descending loop of Henle in the nephron is permeable to which of the following substances? A. Potassium ions B. Sodium ions C. Water D. + H ions Numbers represent osmolarity [milliosmoles of solute (mOsm) per liter] Which parts of the nephron are mainly found in the renal medulla of the kidney? A. The entire nephron can be found within the renal medulla B. The loop of Henle and the collecting duct C. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules D. The loop of Henle and Bowman’s capsule Which parts of the nephron are mainly found in the renal medulla of the kidney? A. The entire nephron can be found within the renal medulla B. The loop of Henle and the collecting duct C. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules D. The loop of Henle and Bowman’s capsule Urine passes through all the following structures except the __________? A. ureters B. vasa recta C. urethra D. ______

The renal corpuscle consists of the ______ and Bowman’s capsule

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion are the three processes involved in kidney's production of ______

The two parts of the nephron responsible for reabsorption and secretion are the proximal and distal convoluted ______

Reabsorption of urea in the collecting duct helps maintain the high osmolarity of the inner ______

The part of the loop of Henle responsible for reabsorption of water and ions is the ______ arm

The part of the loop of Henle responsible for reabsorption of ions without water is the thin segment of the ______ arm

During the ascending limb of ______ of Henle, NaCl is reabsorbed without water movement, first through diffusion (thin portion), then through active transport (thick portion) (0.5 marks).This decreases urine osmolarity until it reaches around 100 mOsm, making the urine hypo-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 marks).In the distal convoluted tubule, active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions into the urine and reabsorption of water and NaCl back into the blood (0.5 mark).This results in iso-osmotic urine compared to blood (300 mOS) (0.5 mark).In the collector duct, water reabsorption can vary depending on the system's water balance (0.5 mark).Therefore, urine osmolarity can also vary from 300 to 1200 mOS, being iso-osmotic or hyper-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 mark).

In the distal convoluted ______, active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions into the urine and reabsorption of water and NaCl back into the blood (0.5 mark).This results in iso-osmotic urine compared to blood (300 mOS) (0.5 mark).In the collector duct, water reabsorption can vary depending on the system's water balance (0.5 mark).Therefore, urine osmolarity can also vary from 300 to 1200 mOS, being iso-osmotic or hyper-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 mark).

In the collector ______, water reabsorption can vary depending on the system's water balance (0.5 mark).Therefore, urine osmolarity can also vary from 300 to 1200 mOS, being iso-osmotic or hyper-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 mark).

During the ascending limb of loop of Henle, ______ is reabsorbed without water movement, first through diffusion (thin portion), then through active transport (thick portion) (0.5 marks).This decreases urine osmolarity until it reaches around 100 mOsm, making the urine hypo-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 marks).

This decreases urine osmolarity until it reaches around 100 mOsm, making the urine hypo-osmotic compared to blood (0.5 marks).

The smallest blood vessels of the body are about 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter and are called ______

Blood pressure is higher in arteries compared to ______

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, usually measured in ml per minute or litres per min. It is calculated as Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV). HR is the number of beats per unit of time, usually measured in beats per minute (bpm), while SV is Stroke Volume (SV) = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End-Systolic Volume (ESV). EDV stands for End-Diastolic Volume, which is the volume of blood after left ventricle relaxation. The volume of blood ejected during the contraction of the left ventricle is ______

Peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood flow resulting from friction of blood against the walls of the vessels, usually measured in mmHg. Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as Cardiac Output (CO) = Cardiac Output (CO) X ______ (PR)

In humans, blood pressure is measured in the ______

The force of blood on the wall of the blood vessel is known as ______

Humans have a circulatory system to transport O2, CO2, nutrients, water, wastes, heat, hormones, and defence cells through the ______

The three basic components of the human cardiovascular system are circulatory fluid, blood vessels, and a muscular ______

The pulmonary circuit oxygenates the blood by sending it to the ______

The main blood vessels of the pulmonary circuit are the ______ artery and ______ vein

The systemic circuit brings nutrients and oxygen to the entire ______

The right lung receives deoxygenated blood from the ______ pulmonary artery

The left atrium pumps oxygenated blood to the ______

The coronary circuit brings nutrients and oxygen to the ______

Gas exchange involves the movement of air or water through a specialized gas-exchange organ such as a lung or ______

The function of capillary beds in the pulmonary circuit is to bring blood for ______ exchange

The main blood vessels of the systemic circuit are the aorta and ______ cava

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the ______

The main blood vessel that leaves the heart is the ______

The blood vessels responsible for supplying blood to the head are the R & L ______ arteries

The organ responsible for removing solid waste and some water is the large intestine (colon) which removes waste in the form of ______

The region shared by the digestive and respiratory system that connects the nasal cavity is the ______

The blood vessel that returns blood to the heart is the superior ______ cava

The main excretory organ in humans is the ______

Aneurysm occurs when the connective tissue surrounding a blood vessel weakens and the smooth muscle bulges outwards. It can affect any part of the body, including the brain and heart. If this bulge bursts, it can be lethal; for example, an aneurysm in the brain can lead to a stroke. Arteries are more likely to be affected than ______.

In the Inferior limb (legs) circuit, the R & L Iliac arteries and veins are found in the hip, while the R & L Femoral arteries and veins are located in the ______.

The Renal (kidney) Circuit includes the R & L Renal artereis and veins. The R & L Renal artereis and veins are part of the circuit involving the ______.

In the Major blood vessels, the Aorta is described as the start, the blood vessel that leaves the heart. The Inferior vena cava is mentioned as the common end, the return to the heart. The Systemic Circuit Main Blood Vessels in the Lower Body deal with deoxygenated blood from the Aorta and oxygenated blood from the ______.

Common cardiovascular and blood diseases include a Stroke, a medical emergency that occurs when there is a ruptured blood vessel in the brain, or when blood supply to the brain has been blocked. Arteries and veins can be affected. There are two main types of strokes: Ischemic stroke due to lack of blood flow to the brain, and Hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of a blood vessel that leads to bleeding in the brain. Ischemic stroke results from lack of blood flow to the brain, while Hemorrhagic stroke results from rupture of a blood vessel that causes bleeding in the brain. Both types of strokes can have severe consequences as they lead to cell death due to brain tissue being deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Hemorrhagic stroke is specifically due to the rupture of a blood vessel that causes bleeding in the brain, while Ischemic stroke results from a lack of blood flow to the brain. Common cardiovascular and blood diseases also include an Aneurysm, which occurs when the connective tissue surrounding a blood vessel weakens and the smooth muscle bulges outwards. Aneurysms can affect any part of the body, including the brain and heart. If an aneurysm bursts, it can be lethal, for example, an aneurysm in the brain can lead to a stroke. Arteries are more likely to be affected than ______.

The main purpose of sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries is to monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood. These sensors exert secondary control over breathing by sending signals to the breathing control center. These sensors are known as ______.