Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of the respiratory system?
Remove CO2 from and deliver O2 to the cells.
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
The thoracic cavity gets larger, pressure decreases, and atmospheric gas enters the lungs.
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
Thoracic cavity gets smaller, pressure increases, and air is forced out of the lungs.
According to the lab book, what muscle contracts when the diaphragm contracts while the person is running?
According to the lab book, what muscle contracts when the diaphragm contracts while the person is running?
According to the lab book, what muscles contract when the diaphragm relaxes while the person is running?
According to the lab book, what muscles contract when the diaphragm relaxes while the person is running?
What is tidal volume the product of?
What is tidal volume the product of?
What is partial pressure?
What is partial pressure?
What is the normal volume of tidal volume in people?
What is the normal volume of tidal volume in people?
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
What is the normal volume of inspiratory reserve volume?
What is the normal volume of inspiratory reserve volume?
What is expiratory reserve volume?
What is expiratory reserve volume?
What is the normal volume of expiratory reserve volume?
What is the normal volume of expiratory reserve volume?
What is vital capacity?
What is vital capacity?
What is the normal volume of vital capacity?
What is the normal volume of vital capacity?
What prevents us from breathing out all the air in our lungs?
What prevents us from breathing out all the air in our lungs?
After a complete exhalation, what remains?
After a complete exhalation, what remains?
What is the normal volume of residual volume?
What is the normal volume of residual volume?
What is the volume of total lung capacity?
What is the volume of total lung capacity?
What are the components of total lung capacity?
What are the components of total lung capacity?
What can't a spirometer measure?
What can't a spirometer measure?
What is forced vital capacity?
What is forced vital capacity?
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
What is the normal range of FEV1?
What is the normal range of FEV1?
What is surfactant?
What is surfactant?
What would happen without surfactant?
What would happen without surfactant?
What would happen to the pressure in the lungs if they were punctured?
What would happen to the pressure in the lungs if they were punctured?
How is the adequacy of alveolar ventilation measured?
How is the adequacy of alveolar ventilation measured?
What is perfusion?
What is perfusion?
What is perfusion matched to?
What is perfusion matched to?
During rapid breathing, what happens to alveolar ventilation?
During rapid breathing, what happens to alveolar ventilation?
During rebreathing, what happens to PCO2?
During rebreathing, what happens to PCO2?
In breath holding, what happens to gas exchange?
In breath holding, what happens to gas exchange?
With emphysema, what happens to the lung tissue?
With emphysema, what happens to the lung tissue?
Why is there a loss of elastic recoil in the lungs during emphysema?
Why is there a loss of elastic recoil in the lungs during emphysema?
How is airway resistance increased in emphysema?
How is airway resistance increased in emphysema?
Why is there a great effort to exhale with emphysema?
Why is there a great effort to exhale with emphysema?
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Study Notes
Primary Role of the Respiratory System
- Main function: Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and deliver oxygen (O2) to cells.
Diaphragm Function
- Contraction of diaphragm enlarges thoracic cavity, reducing pressure and allowing atmospheric air to enter lungs.
- Relaxation of diaphragm decreases size of thoracic cavity, increasing pressure and forcing air out of lungs.
Muscle Involvement During Exercise
- External intercostals contract alongside diaphragm during running.
- Internal intercostals contract when diaphragm relaxes during exertion.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV): Average volume in people is 500 mL; represents the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum volume of air inhaled after a normal inhalation; normal value is 3100 mL.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum volume of air exhaled after a normal exhalation; normal value is 1200 mL.
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total air capacity for breathing; calculated as ERV + TV + IRV; normal value is 4800 mL.
- Residual Volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in lungs after complete exhalation; normal value is 1200 mL.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air capacity of the lungs; calculated as ERV + TV + IRV + RV; normal value is 6000 mL.
Spirometry
- Spirometer cannot measure residual volume (RV).
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Total amount of air expelled rapidly after deep inhalation.
- Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1): Percentage of vital capacity exhaled in one second during FVC test; normal range is 75%-85%.
Surfactant
- Lipid material secreted in alveolar fluid; reduces water surface tension in alveoli.
- Absence of surfactant leads to potential alveolar collapse due to high surface tension.
Pressure and Ventilation
- Punctured lungs equalize intrathoracic pressure with atmospheric pressure, hindering airflow.
- Adequacy of alveolar ventilation evaluated through the partial pressure of CO2.
- Perfusion refers to pulmonary blood flow, which is matched to ventilation.
Breathing Patterns
- Rapid breathing can cause excessive alveolar ventilation relative to tissue needs, lowering CO2 production ratio.
- Rebreathing increases PCO2 levels in alveoli and blood.
- Breath holding stops ventilation and gas exchange between alveolus and blood.
Emphysema Effects
- Significant loss of elastic recoil in lung tissue due to disease.
- Alveolar wall destruction leads to reduced mechanical support for airways, increasing airway resistance.
- Difficulty exhaling as lungs lose passive recoil and cannot deflate easily.
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