30 Questions
What is the formula for Tidal Volume (VT or TV)?
$VT = 0.5L$
Which volume represents the maximal volume of air that can be moved above or below a normal tidal volume?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
What does the Residual Volume (RV) represent?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration
Which lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes?
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
What is the formula for Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
$FRC = RV + ERV$
Which volume represents the volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
What is the formula for Vital Capacity (VC)?
$VC = VT + IRV + ERV$
What is the net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane according to Fick’s Law?
Proportional to the difference in partial pressure, proportional to the area of the membrane, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
In O2 transport from lungs to tissues, what is the normal percentage of saturation of O2 in hemoglobin (Hb)?
98%
Which of the following conditions can affect diffusion according to pathology affecting diffusion?
Alveolar collapse (e.g., atelectasis)
How does CO2 primarily travel from tissues to lungs?
In the form of bicarbonate ions in RBCs
What stimulates ventilation according to the control of breathing?
Increase in arterial CO2 (and pH) or PaO2 < 60 mm Hg
What do the stretch receptors in alveoli primarily sense?
Changes in lung volume
Which of the following is part of the tissue barrier in the diffusion of respiratory gases?
Surfactant
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors according to the control of breathing?
Respond to changes in the acidity of the brain’s extracellular fluid
What can alter breathing pattern according to 'Other Sensors'?
Temperature, meds, anesthesia, and disease
What causes a rise in pleural pressure during expiration?
Relaxation of respiratory muscles
What influences alveolar ventilation?
Lung and chest wall compliance
What type of airflow does resistance in the bronchi and bronchioles allow?
Laminar airflow
What reduces the total resistance to airflow in the respiratory system?
Large number of small airways in parallel
Where does respiratory gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
What does pulmonary circulation deliver to the lungs?
Deoxygenated blood
What causes gases to move from high to low concentration in the alveoli?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion gradients
What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) in liters?
2.5
What is the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) in liters?
4.5
What is the Vital Capacity (VC) in liters?
4.5
What is the Minute Ventilation at rest in liters per minute?
5-10
What is the Total Lung Capacity (TLC) in liters?
6
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) in liters?
3.5
What is Alveolar Ventilation (VA)?
Amount of fresh air available for gas exchange
Study Notes
Respiratory System and Lung Volumes
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the maximal volume of air exhaled from resting expiratory level, which is 1 liter.
- Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation, at 1.5 liters, and it helps keep alveoli inflated between breaths.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximal volume of air inspired from the resting end-expiration level, at 3.5 liters, and is the sum of Tidal Volume (TV) and Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV).
- Vital Capacity (VC) is the maximal volume of air expelled from the lungs after maximal inspiration, at 4.5 liters, and is the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of normal expiration, at 2.5 liters, and is the sum of RV and ERV.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the amount of air in the respiratory system after maximal inspiration, at 6 liters, and is the sum of RV, ERV, TV, and IRV.
- Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange in the alveoli.
- Minute Ventilation is the amount of ventilation per minute, with normal values of 5-10 L/min at rest, and a linear relationship between ventilation and increasing levels of activity.
- Alveolar Ventilation (VA) is the amount of fresh air available for gas exchange, with hyperventilation and hypoventilation leading to specific changes in gas levels.
- Mechanics of Breathing, including ventilation and airflow through conducting airways, is influenced by pressure difference, airway resistance, and physical properties of the lungs.
- At rest, after expiration ends and before inspiration begins, the elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall are balanced, and there is no air flow until inspiration begins.
- During inspiration, the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles contract, causing pleural pressure to fall and air to flow into the lungs down the pressure gradient.
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system and lung volumes with this quiz. Explore concepts such as vital capacity, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and the mechanics of breathing. Gain a deeper understanding of the processes involved in air movement, gas exchange, and lung function.
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