Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prescribed doxapram. Which mechanism primarily contributes to its therapeutic effect?
A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prescribed doxapram. Which mechanism primarily contributes to its therapeutic effect?
- Inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.
- Directly stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs.
- Acting on carotid chemoreceptors and the respiratory center in the brainstem. (correct)
- Blocking the synthesis of leukotrienes in airway smooth muscle.
A patient is inadvertently given an excessive dose of a respiratory depressant. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?
A patient is inadvertently given an excessive dose of a respiratory depressant. Which physiological response is most likely to occur?
- Bronchodilation and decreased mucus secretion.
- Reduced sensitivity to carbon dioxide and activation of the hypoxic drive. (correct)
- Increased sensitivity to carbon dioxide and enhanced ventilatory drive.
- Stimulation of the cough reflex and increased expectoration.
Which of the following is the mechanism by which aspirin or ibuprofen leads to bronchoconstriction in susceptible individuals?
Which of the following is the mechanism by which aspirin or ibuprofen leads to bronchoconstriction in susceptible individuals?
- Direct stimulation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs.
- Activation of muscarinic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle.
- Inhibition of histamine release from mast cells in the airways.
- Blocking the cyclooxygenase pathway and increasing the production of leukotrienes. (correct)
A patient with asthma is prescribed propranolol for hypertension. What potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider be most concerned about?
A patient with asthma is prescribed propranolol for hypertension. What potential adverse effect should the healthcare provider be most concerned about?
A patient is prescribed an antitussive medication. Which mechanism of action is associated with peripheral antitussives?
A patient is prescribed an antitussive medication. Which mechanism of action is associated with peripheral antitussives?
A patient is prescribed codeine for cough suppression. How does codeine act to suppress the cough reflex?
A patient is prescribed codeine for cough suppression. How does codeine act to suppress the cough reflex?
Which antitussive agent works by selectively depressing the medulla, leading to an increased threshold for coughing?
Which antitussive agent works by selectively depressing the medulla, leading to an increased threshold for coughing?
A patient is prescribed guaifenesin. What is its primary mechanism of action in treating cough?
A patient is prescribed guaifenesin. What is its primary mechanism of action in treating cough?
A patient with bronchitis has thick sputum containing polysaccharide fibers. Which agent would be most effective in disrupting this type of sputum?
A patient with bronchitis has thick sputum containing polysaccharide fibers. Which agent would be most effective in disrupting this type of sputum?
A patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) is prescribed recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (Dornase Alfa). How does this medication improve respiratory function in CF patients?
A patient with cystic fibrosis (CF) is prescribed recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (Dornase Alfa). How does this medication improve respiratory function in CF patients?
Premature infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) often receive pulmonary surfactant. What is the primary mechanism by which pulmonary surfactant improves respiratory function?
Premature infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) often receive pulmonary surfactant. What is the primary mechanism by which pulmonary surfactant improves respiratory function?
Why are antihistamines used to manage allergic rhinitis?
Why are antihistamines used to manage allergic rhinitis?
A patient is prescribed a 1st generation antihistamine. What is the most likely side effect they will experience due to this medication's properties?
A patient is prescribed a 1st generation antihistamine. What is the most likely side effect they will experience due to this medication's properties?
What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-1 agonists in reducing nasal congestion?
What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-1 agonists in reducing nasal congestion?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed cromolyn sodium. Which mechanism explains how this drug helps manage their symptoms?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed cromolyn sodium. Which mechanism explains how this drug helps manage their symptoms?
A patient with persistent allergic rhinitis symptoms is prescribed montelukast. What specific action does montelukast have in managing these symptoms?
A patient with persistent allergic rhinitis symptoms is prescribed montelukast. What specific action does montelukast have in managing these symptoms?
When is omalizumab prescribed for allergic rhinitis?
When is omalizumab prescribed for allergic rhinitis?
A patient is using an oral combination therapy consisting of an antihistamine with pseudoephedrine. What is the rationale for combining these two medications?
A patient is using an oral combination therapy consisting of an antihistamine with pseudoephedrine. What is the rationale for combining these two medications?
A patient is prescribed a nasal spray combination therapy. How do an antihistamine and a glucocorticoid work together to alleviate symptoms?
A patient is prescribed a nasal spray combination therapy. How do an antihistamine and a glucocorticoid work together to alleviate symptoms?
A patient with a known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs requires an analgesic. Which of the following choices would be the MOST appropriate to avoid inducing bronchoconstriction?
A patient with a known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs requires an analgesic. Which of the following choices would be the MOST appropriate to avoid inducing bronchoconstriction?
A patient is being administered intravenous ethanol for the treatment of pulmonary edema. What is the MOST critical monitoring parameter to watch, indicative of potential toxicity?
A patient is being administered intravenous ethanol for the treatment of pulmonary edema. What is the MOST critical monitoring parameter to watch, indicative of potential toxicity?
In a patient experiencing acute bronchoconstriction, which of the following represents the MOST appropriate mechanism of action to target for rapid bronchodilation?
In a patient experiencing acute bronchoconstriction, which of the following represents the MOST appropriate mechanism of action to target for rapid bronchodilation?
A patient with cystic fibrosis is prescribed Dornase Alfa. What is the MOST precise mechanism by which this medication facilitates improved respiratory function?
A patient with cystic fibrosis is prescribed Dornase Alfa. What is the MOST precise mechanism by which this medication facilitates improved respiratory function?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed a first-generation antihistamine. Concurrent use of which medication would MOST significantly potentiate the sedative effects?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed a first-generation antihistamine. Concurrent use of which medication would MOST significantly potentiate the sedative effects?
A patient presents with nasal congestion and is considering using phenylephrine nasal spray. What physiological effect BEST explains how phenylephrine reduces nasal congestion?
A patient presents with nasal congestion and is considering using phenylephrine nasal spray. What physiological effect BEST explains how phenylephrine reduces nasal congestion?
A patient is prescribed Beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray for chronic allergic rhinitis. What is the PRIMARY mechanism through which this medication provides therapeutic benefit?
A patient is prescribed Beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray for chronic allergic rhinitis. What is the PRIMARY mechanism through which this medication provides therapeutic benefit?
A patient is using N-acetylcysteine as a mucolytic agent. What is the MOST accurate description of its mechanism of action?
A patient is using N-acetylcysteine as a mucolytic agent. What is the MOST accurate description of its mechanism of action?
Which mechanism of action explains how codeine suppresses coughing?
Which mechanism of action explains how codeine suppresses coughing?
Which statement accurately reflects the mechanism by which guaifenesin aids in the clearance of respiratory secretions?
Which statement accurately reflects the mechanism by which guaifenesin aids in the clearance of respiratory secretions?
A patient is prescribed an oral medication containing both an antihistamine and pseudoephedrine. What is the MOST likely rationale for combining these two drugs?
A patient is prescribed an oral medication containing both an antihistamine and pseudoephedrine. What is the MOST likely rationale for combining these two drugs?
A premature infant is administered Curosurf. What is the MOST direct therapeutic effect of this medication?
A premature infant is administered Curosurf. What is the MOST direct therapeutic effect of this medication?
Which of the following is the MOST significant concern when prescribing first-generation antihistamines, particularly in elderly patients?
Which of the following is the MOST significant concern when prescribing first-generation antihistamines, particularly in elderly patients?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed Montelukast. What is the MOST specific mechanism of action of this drug?
A patient with allergic rhinitis is prescribed Montelukast. What is the MOST specific mechanism of action of this drug?
A patient with a history of asthma is prescribed propranolol for hypertension. What potentially dangerous adverse effect is of GREATEST concern when initiating this treatment?
A patient with a history of asthma is prescribed propranolol for hypertension. What potentially dangerous adverse effect is of GREATEST concern when initiating this treatment?
A patient with chronic bronchitis presents with a persistent, thick sputum. Which of the following medications would be the MOST effective at reducing the viscosity of the patient's sputum?
A patient with chronic bronchitis presents with a persistent, thick sputum. Which of the following medications would be the MOST effective at reducing the viscosity of the patient's sputum?
A patient is prescribed doxapram to manage acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Which of the following mechanisms explains how doxapram improves ventilation?
A patient is prescribed doxapram to manage acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Which of the following mechanisms explains how doxapram improves ventilation?
What is a clinical indication for prescribed omalizumab for allergic rhinitis?
What is a clinical indication for prescribed omalizumab for allergic rhinitis?
Which of the following statements BEST describes a key difference between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines?
Which of the following statements BEST describes a key difference between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines?
A patient reports using a water aerosol inhalation. Which statement describes how it might help alleviate a cough?
A patient reports using a water aerosol inhalation. Which statement describes how it might help alleviate a cough?
Flashcards
Doxapram
Doxapram
CNS stimulant that acts on carotid chemoreceptors and the respiratory center in the brainstem to increase respiration rate and tidal volume.
Ethanol's MOA
Ethanol's MOA
Diffuse into cell membrane of nerve cells and inhibits neuronal flux on Na
Aspirin/Ibuprofen MOA
Aspirin/Ibuprofen MOA
This drug blocks the cyclooxygenase pathway, converting arachidonic acids to 5-lipoxygenase, which leads to leukotrienes.
Propranolol MOA
Propranolol MOA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antitussives
Antitussives
Signup and view all the flashcards
Codeine (for cough)
Codeine (for cough)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan
Signup and view all the flashcards
Expectorants
Expectorants
Signup and view all the flashcards
N-acetylcysteine
N-acetylcysteine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mucolytics
Mucolytics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease I
Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease I
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary Surfactant
Pulmonary Surfactant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drugs for allergic rhinitis
Drugs for allergic rhinitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
H1 Receptor Antagonists
H1 Receptor Antagonists
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alpha 1 Agonists (as Decongestants)
Alpha 1 Agonists (as Decongestants)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn sodium
Signup and view all the flashcards
Montelukast
Montelukast
Signup and view all the flashcards
Excessive Ethanol Dosage
Excessive Ethanol Dosage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guaifenesin / Potassium Iodide MOA
Guaifenesin / Potassium Iodide MOA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bromhexine MOA
Bromhexine MOA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease I Function
Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease I Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Omalizumab MOA
Omalizumab MOA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
General Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System
- Doxapram acts as a CNS stimulant.
- Doxapram acts on carotid chemoreceptors and the respiratory center in the brainstem.
- Doxapram increases respiration rate and tidal volume.
- Doxapram increases the urge to breathe, addressing ventilatory failure which causes a rise in PO2 and a fall in PO2.
- Doxapram is administered intravenously only in hospitalized patients.
- Overdoses of Ethanol can reduce the sensitivity of the CO2 ventilatory drive and activate the hypoxic drive
- Ethanol and Narcotic analgesics are respiratory depressants
- Ethanol diffuses into the cell membrane of nerve cells and inhibits neuronal flux on Na.
- Aspirin and Ibuprofen are drugs leading to bronchoconstriction because they block the cyclooxygenase pathway, converting all arachidonic acids to 5-lipoxygenase leading to leukotrienes
- Propranolol, a beta blocker, blocks beta 2 receptors and is non-selective.
Drugs Used to Treat Cough
-
Antitussives suppress the intensity and frequency of cough, mostly for non-productive coughs
-
Peripheral antitussives reduces sensitivity to irritation of peripheral sensory cough receptors in the pharynx and larynx and lessen irritation of the respiratory tract above the larynx (Demulcents) and below the larynx (Water aerosol inhalation and warm environment)
-
Central antitussives reduce sensitivity of the CNS cough center to peripheral stimulus reducing the cough reflex in the medulla oblongata (Opioid: Codeine and Non-opioid : Dextromethorphan, Noscapine)
-
Codeine (Opioid) has a central action and treats dry cough, but has adverse effects of dry mouth, constipation, nausea, respiratory depression and dependence, and it is rarely recommended for children or very productive cough
-
Noscapine (Opium alkaloid) ,with central action, selectively depresses medulla and increases threshold of coughing, but has adverse effects like headache, nausea, drowsiness
-
Noscapine is a Weaker antitussive effect than codeine with no narcotic, analgesic or dependence and no respiratory and CNS depression
-
Guaifenesin and Potassium iodide are Expectorants that act locally in order to stimulate the mucin secreting cells to hyperactivity product mucin which is thinner and with higher water content (increased amount, reduced viscosity).
-
Stimulating cough clears bronchial tract by removing secretions from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Mucolytics
- N-acetylcysteine breaks the disulphide bonds in the crosslinking between mucus glycoprotein molecules, reducing the viscosity of bronchial secretion with oral administration
- Carbocisteine makes mucin thinner and easier to be transported out of lungs, for bronchitis
- Bromhexine disrupts the structure of acid mucopolysaccharide fibres in sputum leads to less viscous
Other Therapeutic Agents Used in the Respiratory System
- Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease I (Dornase Alfa) treats CF patients by cleaving DNA and preventing mucin from getting into contact with the DNA , so that DNA won't thicken
- Curosurf (natural surfactant from pig) and Colfosceril (synthetic surfactant) are pulmonary surfactants that reduce surface tension of the alveoli and prevent alveoli collapse
- Pulmonary surfactants are administered via endotracheal tubes directly into the pulmonary tree for Manage RDS in premature babies
Drugs for allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever)
-
Type I hypersensitivity reaction to nasal allergens (IgE) causes inflammation of nasal mucosa
-
Clinical features include nasal congestion, itching, redness, sneezing and runny nose
-
H₁ receptor antagonist (Antihistamines) binds to H₁ receptors so histamine cannot bind, prevents vasodilation, and reduces capillary permeability
-
There is also the Sedative (1st gen) which crosses the blood brain barrier (Chlorphenamine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine)
-
Non-sedative (2nd gen works peripherally (Cetirizine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Bilastine)
-
Decongestants Alpha 1 agonist, like Phenylephrine, constrict dilated arterioles in the nasal mucosa, reducing airway resistance and reducing congestion of nasal passage, opening clogged nasal passage and enhances drainage of sinuses which may cause increased BP
-
Pseudoephedrine is a Sympathomimetic
-
Chlorphenamine, Diphenhydramine, and Promethazine are first-generation antihistamines that cross the blood-brain barrier.
-
First-generation antihistamines can cause sleepiness, dry mouth, and urinary retention.
-
Cetirizine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine, and Bilastine are second-generation antihistamines that work peripherally.
-
Alpha 1 agonists, such as Phenylephrine, constrict dilated arterioles in the nasal mucosa and reduce airway resistance.
-
Reducing congestion of the nasal passage opens clogged nasal passages and enhances drainage of sinuses.
-
Side effects of decongestants is raised BP
Glucocorticoids, Anti-allergic mast cell stabilisers, Leukotriene receptor blocker, and Monoclonal antibodies
- Beclomethasone, Budesonide, and Fluticasone Glucocorticoids that comes as an Intranasal spray
- Cromolyn sodium is an Anti-allergic mast cell stabilisers and stops degranulation
- Montelukast is a Leukotriene receptor blocker that blocks leukotriene C4, D4 receptors
- Omalizumab is a Monoclonal antibodies for severe patients that acts as an anti-IgE
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
