Respiratory System Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis?

  • It is caused by fluid filling the pleural cavity.
  • It develops from a disconnection between the trachea and esophagus.
  • It results from incomplete expansion of the lung due to fibrotic changes.
  • It occurs from complete obstruction of an airway, leading to alveolar oxygen resorption. (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to pulmonary edema due to hemodynamic factors?

  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Neurogenic injury (correct)
  • Volume overload
  • Increased pulmonary venous pressure

    • What defines compression atelectasis?

  • A result of fluid or air entering the pleural cavity. (correct)
  • Formation of fibrotic tissues preventing lung expansion.
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary veins.
  • Obstruction of airflow due to a tracheoesophageal fistula.

    • In the context of congenital anomalies, which of the following does NOT form part of developmental anomalies of the respiratory system?

    <p>Hemodynamic pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Diffuse alveolar capillary damage causing severe respiratory insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical factor in the development of acute pulmonary edema?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure from left-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of atelectasis is characterized by scarring that prevents full lung expansion?

    <p>Contraction atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of pulmonary edema due to microvascular injury?

    <p>Exposure to high altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by mucous gland hyperplasia and chronic cough with sputum production lasting for at least 3 months over two consecutive years?

    <p>Chronic Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asthma is triggered mainly by allergic reactions and is most commonly observed in childhood?

    <p>Atopic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic pathological change observed in emphysema?

    <p>Airspace enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Chronic necrotizing infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically a cause of obstructive pulmonary diseases?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication that may follow pneumonia?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could potentially lead to respiratory acidosis and coma in patients with emphysema?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variant of pneumonia is characterized by a lobular distribution?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the permanent dilation of bronchi due to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue?

    <p>Bronchiectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with multiple transfusions?

    <p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer?

    <p>Exposure to asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary features of asthma during an attack?

    <p>Wheezing and chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions indicates a lack of sufficient cough reflex, increasing the risk for pneumonia?

    <p>Anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of significant atelectasis in the lungs?

    <p>Decreased oxygenation and risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves complete obstruction of an airway leading to absorption of trapped air in the alveoli?

    <p>Resorption (obstructive) atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of pulmonary edema related to hemodynamic changes?

    <p>Increased pulmonary venous pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Diffuse alveolar capillary damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pulmonary edema is primarily due to a decrease in oncotic pressure?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemic pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rare cause of pulmonary edema?

    <p>Lymphatic obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a type of acquired atelectasis?

    <p>Acute atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of congenital pulmonary airway malformation?

    <p>Formation of pulmonary sequestrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological change is primarily associated with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Increased mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a significant cause of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variant of pneumonia is characterized by a rapid progression through stages such as 'red hepatization'?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of acute emphysema development?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asthma is specifically triggered by exposure to certain workplace materials?

    <p>Occupational asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological feature of emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to increased risk of lung cancer besides smoking?

    <p>Exposure to asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition is often associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation?

    <p>Massive hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of prolonged chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Atypical metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury can lead to pulmonary contusions?

    <p>Mechanical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Multiple transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often treatable using lung volume reduction surgery?

    <p>Severe emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can result from severe infections leading to obstruction of airways?

    <p>Bronchiectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with emphysema, what is a common cause of death?

    <p>Massive pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Diseases

    • Developmental Anomalies:

      • Include lung agenesis/hypoplasia (complete/partial absence or underdevelopment of lungs, lobes), tracheal/bronchial anomalies (blockages, openings between trachea and esophagus), vascular abnormalities, congenital lobar overinflation (excess air in a lung lobe), foregut cysts, congenital pulmonary airway malformations, and pulmonary sequestrations.

    • Atelectasis:

      • Lung tissue collapse resulting in an airless area.
      • Can be inherited or acquired.
      • Acquired Atelectasis:
        • Resorption (obstructive): Airway blockage leads to oxygen absorption, without affecting blood flow.
        • Compression: Fluid (pleural effusion), tumors, blood (hemothorax), or air (pneumothorax) in the pleural cavity compresses the lung.
        • Contraction: Fibrosis (scarring) of the lung or pleura prevents full lung expansion.
      • Significant atelectasis reduces oxygen and increases infection risk. It is usually reversible (except contraction).

    • Pulmonary Edema:

      • Causes:
        • Hemodynamic: Increased pulmonary venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, volume overload, pulmonary vein obstruction) or decreased oncotic pressure (e.g., low protein levels, liver/kidney/intestinal diseases).
        • Microvascular injury: Infections (pneumonia, sepsis), inhaled substances (oxygen, smoke, gastric contents), drugs/chemicals (bleomycin, amphotericin B, heroin), shock, trauma, radiation, transfusion reactions.
        • Unknown etiology: High altitude, neurogenic causes.

    • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) & Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD):

      • A severe respiratory insufficiency caused by diffuse alveolar damage.
      • Marked by rapid onset, life-threatening respiratory problems, cyanosis, severe arterial oxygen deficiency unresponsive to treatment, and potential for other organ damage.
      • Causes:
        • Infections: Sepsis, pneumonia (viral, mycoplasma, pneumocystis, miliary tuberculosis), gastric aspiration.
        • Physical/Injury: Trauma, near-drowning, pulmonary contusions, fat emboli, burns, radiation.
        • Inhaled Irritants: Oxygen toxicity, smoke, gases/chemicals.
        • Chemical Injury: Heroin/methadone overdose, aspirin, barbiturates, paraquat.
        • Hematologic Conditions: Multiple transfusions, disseminated intravascular coagulation.
        • Other: Pancreatitis, uremia, cardiopulmonary bypass.
        • Hypersensitivity Reactions: Organic solvents, drugs.

    Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

    • Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Bronchiectasis:

      • Often grouped as COPD.

    • Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years (without other causes).

      • Common in smokers and polluted areas.
      • Pathology: Mucus hypersecretion due to submucous gland and goblet cell hyperplasia.
      • Potential consequences: COPD, cor pulmonale (heart failure), atypical respiratory epithelium changes (precancerous).
      • Histology: Goblet cell metaplasia (abnormal cell growth), mucus plugs, alveolar macrophage clustering, inflammation, bronchiolar wall fibrosis.

    • Asthma: Chronic airway inflammation causing recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough (especially at night).

      • Characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction and airflow limitation.
      • Causes: Immune reactions (atopic asthma), non-immune causes (viral infections).
      • Types: Atopic (allergy-related), non-atopic (non-allergic), drug-induced (e.g., aspirin), occupational.

    • Bronchiectasis: Permanent dilation of bronchi/bronchioles due to muscle and elastic tissue destruction, commonly associated with chronic infections.

      • Causes: Congenital or hereditary (e.g., cystic fibrosis, immotile cilia syndrome), post-infectious complications (tuberculosis, aspergillosis), bronchial obstruction (tumor, foreign bodies), autoimmune diseases.

    Pulmonary Infections

    • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Common (pharyngitis, common cold).
    • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (Pneumonias): Compromised by:
      • Suppressed cough reflex.
      • Damaged mucociliary apparatus.
      • Impaired alveolar macrophage function.
      • Pulmonary congestion/edema.
      • Secretion accumulation.
    • Bacterial Pneumonia:
      • Types: Bronchopneumonia (lobular), lobar pneumonia (congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, resolution).
      • Complications: Pleuritis, abscesses, infection spread, bacteremia.

    Respiratory System Tumors

    • Lung Cancer: Most frequent cancer worldwide and leading cause of cancer death.
    • Risk Factors: Smoking (significantly increases risk via dose, inhalation, and duration), industrial hazards (ionizing radiation, asbestos), atmospheric pollutants.
    • Types: Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma.

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    Description

    Explore the various diseases affecting the respiratory system, including developmental anomalies and atelectasis. Delve into the causes, types, and implications of these conditions, emphasizing their impact on lung function and oxygen saturation. This quiz serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding complexities of respiratory pathologies.

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