Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of resorption atelectasis?
What is the most common cause of resorption atelectasis?
Obstruction of a bronchus by a mucous or mucopurulent plug, frequently postoperatively
What are the three forms of atelectasis?
What are the three forms of atelectasis?
Resorption atelectasis, Compression atelectasis, Contraction atelectasis
What is the most common cause of compression atelectasis?
What is the most common cause of compression atelectasis?
Pleural effusion, most commonly by (CHF)
What is contraction atelectasis also known as?
What is contraction atelectasis also known as?
What is a common characteristic of obstructive airway disease?
What is a common characteristic of obstructive airway disease?
What are the five conditions listed as obstructive lung (airway) diseases?
What are the five conditions listed as obstructive lung (airway) diseases?
What are the two main types of restrictive lung diseases?
What are the two main types of restrictive lung diseases?
What is the definition of emphysema?
What is the definition of emphysema?
The definition of emphysema is based on which criteria?
The definition of emphysema is based on which criteria?
Chronic bronchitis is defined on the basis of which criteria?
Chronic bronchitis is defined on the basis of which criteria?
The clinical features of emphysema present with what characteristic?
The clinical features of emphysema present with what characteristic?
What is the common name for patients with emphysema who have prominent dyspnea and adequate oxygenation of the lungs?
What is the common name for patients with emphysema who have prominent dyspnea and adequate oxygenation of the lungs?
What is the definition of chronic bronchitis?
What is the definition of chronic bronchitis?
Who is chronic bronchitis common among?
Who is chronic bronchitis common among?
What is the common name for patients with chronic bronchitis due to the discoloration of their skin?
What is the common name for patients with chronic bronchitis due to the discoloration of their skin?
What is the most important cause of chronic bronchitis?
What is the most important cause of chronic bronchitis?
What is the ratio of submucosal gland layer to bronchial wall known as?
What is the ratio of submucosal gland layer to bronchial wall known as?
What types of cells are the main inflammatory cells seen in the bronchial mucosa of patients with chronic bronchitis?
What types of cells are the main inflammatory cells seen in the bronchial mucosa of patients with chronic bronchitis?
What are the two major ways that airflow obstruction in chronic bronchitis occurs?
What are the two major ways that airflow obstruction in chronic bronchitis occurs?
Chronic bronchiolitis, which is a form of small airway disease, is characterized by goblet cell metaplasia, mucous plugging, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Chronic bronchiolitis, which is a form of small airway disease, is characterized by goblet cell metaplasia, mucous plugging, inflammation, and fibrosis.
What is bronchiolitis obliterans characterized by?
What is bronchiolitis obliterans characterized by?
What is the definition of asthma?
What is the definition of asthma?
Asthma can be triggered by many different things, what is one example of what might trigger asthma?
Asthma can be triggered by many different things, what is one example of what might trigger asthma?
What is the 'hygiene hypothesis' in relation to asthma?
What is the 'hygiene hypothesis' in relation to asthma?
People with a genetic predisposition to type I hypersensitivity (atopy) are more at risk for asthma.
People with a genetic predisposition to type I hypersensitivity (atopy) are more at risk for asthma.
Skin tests for asthma are a form of immediate wheal-and-flare reaction.
Skin tests for asthma are a form of immediate wheal-and-flare reaction.
What are the key cytokines produced in an atopic asthma reaction?
What are the key cytokines produced in an atopic asthma reaction?
What are the two waves of asthma reaction, after an allergen engages with IgE coated submucosal mast cells?
What are the two waves of asthma reaction, after an allergen engages with IgE coated submucosal mast cells?
What are the main characteristics of the early reaction phase of asthma?
What are the main characteristics of the early reaction phase of asthma?
The late-phase reaction of asthma is marked by bronchospasm and increased mucus production.
The late-phase reaction of asthma is marked by bronchospasm and increased mucus production.
What is 'airway remodeling' in association with asthma?
What is 'airway remodeling' in association with asthma?
What are the key hallmarks of asthma?
What are the key hallmarks of asthma?
Non-atopic asthma is characterized by evidence of allergen sensitization and positive skin test results.
Non-atopic asthma is characterized by evidence of allergen sensitization and positive skin test results.
What are the two main examples of respiratory viruses commonly linked to non-atopic asthma?
What are the two main examples of respiratory viruses commonly linked to non-atopic asthma?
What are the three main types of inhaled air pollutants that can trigger non-atopic asthma?
What are the three main types of inhaled air pollutants that can trigger non-atopic asthma?
Eosinophils are primarily found in atopic asthma and not nonatopic asthma.
Eosinophils are primarily found in atopic asthma and not nonatopic asthma.
What is a key symptom of aspirin sensitivity in relation to drug-induced asthma?
What is a key symptom of aspirin sensitivity in relation to drug-induced asthma?
What does aspirin inhibit in relation to drug-induced asthma?
What does aspirin inhibit in relation to drug-induced asthma?
What are three examples of fumes that can stimulate occupational asthma?
What are three examples of fumes that can stimulate occupational asthma?
What are the two main morphological features seen in asthma?
What are the two main morphological features seen in asthma?
What is the definition of bronchiectasis?
What is the definition of bronchiectasis?
What are the main symptoms of bronchiectasis?
What are the main symptoms of bronchiectasis?
What are the two key diagnostic criteria for bronchiectasis?
What are the two key diagnostic criteria for bronchiectasis?
What are two conditions that can predispose a patient to bronchiectasis?
What are two conditions that can predispose a patient to bronchiectasis?
What are the two main pathogenetic factors contributing to bronchiectasis?
What are the two main pathogenetic factors contributing to bronchiectasis?
Bronchiectasis typically affects the upper lobes of the lungs.
Bronchiectasis typically affects the upper lobes of the lungs.
What are two notable histologic findings of bronchiectasis in an active case?
What are two notable histologic findings of bronchiectasis in an active case?
What are two of the most common bacteria seen in active bronchiectasis?
What are two of the most common bacteria seen in active bronchiectasis?
What is a notable histologic finding of bronchiectasis in a chronic case?
What is a notable histologic finding of bronchiectasis in a chronic case?
Bronchiectasis is characterized by the destruction of bronchial walls, which leads to the formation of abscess cavities.
Bronchiectasis is characterized by the destruction of bronchial walls, which leads to the formation of abscess cavities.
What are the three complications that can result from bronchiectasis?
What are the three complications that can result from bronchiectasis?
What is the most prevalent chronic occupational disease in the world?
What is the most prevalent chronic occupational disease in the world?
What are the two forms of silica?
What are the two forms of silica?
Silicotic nodules are typically found in which zone of the lungs?
Silicotic nodules are typically found in which zone of the lungs?
What is the characteristic appearance of collagen fibers in silicosis?
What is the characteristic appearance of collagen fibers in silicosis?
Silicotic nodules are primarily found in the center of the lungs.
Silicotic nodules are primarily found in the center of the lungs.
When does shortness of breath typically manifest in silicosis?
When does shortness of breath typically manifest in silicosis?
What are the two major complications that can result from silicosis?
What are the two major complications that can result from silicosis?
Silicosis is linked to a higher risk of developing pulmonary cancer.
Silicosis is linked to a higher risk of developing pulmonary cancer.
What is asbestosis?
What is asbestosis?
What are asbestos bodies?
What are asbestos bodies?
What is the most common manifestation of asbestos exposure?
What is the most common manifestation of asbestos exposure?
Asbestosis is typically more common in the upper lobes of the lungs.
Asbestosis is typically more common in the upper lobes of the lungs.
How much is the risk of lung carcinoma increased for asbestos workers?
How much is the risk of lung carcinoma increased for asbestos workers?
How much higher is the relative risk of developing mesothelioma for asbestos workers compared to the general population?
How much higher is the relative risk of developing mesothelioma for asbestos workers compared to the general population?
Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of both lung carcinoma and mesothelioma in asbestos workers.
Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of both lung carcinoma and mesothelioma in asbestos workers.
A complication associated with irradiation of pulmonary and other thoracic tumors can result in what condition?
A complication associated with irradiation of pulmonary and other thoracic tumors can result in what condition?
In what stage of radiation pneumonitis is a patient most likely to experience fever, dyspnea, pleural effusion, and pulmonary infiltrates?
In what stage of radiation pneumonitis is a patient most likely to experience fever, dyspnea, pleural effusion, and pulmonary infiltrates?
Flashcards
Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.
Resorption Atelectasis
Resorption Atelectasis
Occurs when obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways, causing alveolar collapse.
Compression Atelectasis
Compression Atelectasis
Occurs when fluid, blood, or air in the pleural cavity mechanistically collapses the adjacent lung.
Contraction Atelectasis
Contraction Atelectasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases
Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emphysema
Emphysema
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Asthma
Asthma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atopic Asthma
Atopic Asthma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Atopic Asthma
Non-Atopic Asthma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Drug-Induced Asthma
Drug-Induced Asthma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Silicosis
Silicosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Asbestosis
Asbestosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Curschmann Spirals
Curschmann Spirals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Charcot-Leyden Crystals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyaline Membranes
Hyaline Membranes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Declining Lung Compliance
Declining Lung Compliance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cor Pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bronchial Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy
Bronchial Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dyspnea
Dyspnea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fibrin-Rich Edema Fluid
Fibrin-Rich Edema Fluid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Honeycomb Fibrosis
Honeycomb Fibrosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Lung Diseases
- Atelectasis (Collapse): Loss of lung volume from inadequate expansion of air spaces. Three types: resorption, compression, and contraction.
- Resorption Atelectasis: Airway obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways, causing air absorption and alveolar collapse. Causes include mucous plugs (often post-operative), bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, tumors, and foreign body aspiration (especially in children).
- Compression Atelectasis (Passive/Relaxation): Fluid, blood, or air in the pleural cavity mechanically collapses the adjacent lung. Causes include pleural effusions (often due to congestive heart failure) and pneumothorax.
- Basal Atelectasis: Failure to breathe deeply, commonly affecting bedridden patients with ascites, occurs during and after surgery.
- Contraction Atelectasis (Cicatrization): Local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lung or pleura impair lung expansion.
- Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Diseases: Differentiated based on airflow limitation.
- Obstructive (Airway) Diseases: Characterized by airflow limitation, typically due to increased resistance caused by partial or complete airway obstruction at any level. Examples include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and asthma.
- Restrictive Diseases: Characterized by reduced expansion of the lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity. This can result from chest wall disorders or acute/chronic interstitial lung diseases. Examples include severe obesity, diseases of the pleura, neuromuscular disorders (like Guillain-Barré syndrome), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumoconiosis, interstitial fibrosis, and infiltrative conditions (like sarcoidosis).
- Emphysema: Abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, along with the destruction of alveolar walls without significant fibrosis. Types include: centriacinar (centrilobular), panacinar (panlobular), and distal acinar (paraseptal). The most common types are centriacinar (often associated with smoking) and panacinar (often associated with a1-antitrypsin deficiency).
- Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years, prevalent in smokers and urban dwellers in polluted cities. Typically accompanied by cyanosis (“blue bloaters”). The main cause is cigarette smoking and other air pollutants. Mucus hypersecretion and thickening of the submucosal gland layer are observed.
- Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightening, and cough, especially at night or early morning. Types include atopic and non-atopic. Atopic asthma is triggered by environmental antigens. Non-atopic asthma has no clear trigger.
- Bronchiectasis: Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscle and supporting elastic tissue, associated with chronic necrotizing infections and characterized by a cough producing copious amounts of purulent sputum. Conditions that predispose to bronchiectasis include bronchial obstruction, congenital/hereditary conditions (like cystic fibrosis), immunodeficiency states, primary ciliary dyskinesia (immobile cilia syndrome), and necrotizing/suppurative pneumonia (caused by bacteria).
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Respiratory failure within a week of a known clinical insult, characterized by bilateral pulmonary opacities, severe arterial hypoxemia, and refractory to oxygen therapy. Caused by widespread alveolar damage, primary pulmonary diseases, sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration, trauma, pancreatitis, and transfusion reactions. The main cause of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage.
- Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases: Bilateral, often patchy, pulmonary fibrosis mainly affecting the alveolar walls. Categorized into fibrosing diseases (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) which is characterized by a gradual onset of a non-productive cough), granulomatous disease (e.g., sarcoidosis), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and pneumoconioses (e.g., coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), silicosis, and asbestosis).
- Pneumoconiosis: Lung disorders caused by inhaling mineral dusts (organic and inorganic particulates). Silica, asbestos, and beryllium are more strongly associated with fibrosis than coal dust.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
