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What is the function of the intrapleural fluid?
What is the function of the intrapleural fluid?
- It functions as the lubricant to prevent friction between two layers of pleura. 2. It is involved in creating the negative intrapleural pressure within intrapleural space.
Which type of alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant?
Which type of alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant?
Non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract include ______________, which is the responsibility of olfactory receptors in the mucous membrane of the nostril.
Non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract include ______________, which is the responsibility of olfactory receptors in the mucous membrane of the nostril.
olfaction
The primary function of the lungs is to assist in gaseous exchange only.
The primary function of the lungs is to assist in gaseous exchange only.
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What is the function of heparin secreted by mast cells in the lungs?
What is the function of heparin secreted by mast cells in the lungs?
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Which cells secrete angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs?
Which cells secrete angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs?
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The synthesis of hormonal substances in lung tissues include prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and _____ .
The synthesis of hormonal substances in lung tissues include prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and _____ .
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The respiratory tract plays a role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance in the body.
The respiratory tract plays a role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance in the body.
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What is the main function of the lungs in the immunological defense system of the body?
What is the main function of the lungs in the immunological defense system of the body?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
- It includes the airways, lungs, and blood vessels, and the muscles that power the lungs.
Respiration Process
- Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out through the placenta.
- There are two types of respiration: external respiration (exchange of gases between lungs and blood) and internal respiration (exchange of gases between blood and tissues).
- Respiration occurs in two phases: inspiration (air enters the lungs) and expiration (air leaves the lungs).
Respiratory Rate
- Respiratory rate decreases with age:
- Newborns: 30-60/minute
- Early childhood: 20-40/minute
- Late childhood: 15-25/minute
- Adult: 12-16/minute
Pleura
- The pleura is a bilayered serous membrane that encloses the lungs.
- It has two layers: visceral layer (attached to the surface of the lungs) and parietal layer (attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity).
- The intrapleural space or pleural cavity is the narrow space between the two layers of pleura.
Functions of Intrapleural Fluid
- Lubricant to prevent friction between two layers of pleura
- Creates negative pressure in the intrapleural space
Respiratory Tract
- The respiratory tract is divided into an upper and lower tract.
- The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds.
- The lower tract includes the lower part of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Tracheobronchial Tree
- The trachea bifurcates into two mainstem bronchi, which divide into lobar or secondary bronchi.
- Each secondary bronchus divides into tertiary or segmental bronchi.
- Tertiary bronchi divide into many generations of bronchioles.
Respiratory Unit
- The respiratory unit is the structural and functional unit of the lung.
- It starts from the respiratory bronchioles of 0.5 mm in diameter.
- Each respiratory bronchiole divides into alveolar ducts, which enter an enlarged structure called the alveolar sac.
Alveoli
- Alveoli are small pouches with a diameter of 0.2-0.5 mm.
- They are lined by epithelial cells and are the site of gas exchange between the alveolus and blood.
Non-Respiratory Functions of Respiratory Tract
- Olfaction: olfactory receptors in the mucous membrane of the nostrils are responsible for olfactory sensation.
- Vocalization: the larynx plays a major role in the process of vocalization.
- Defense mechanism: the respiratory tract is involved in the immunological defense system of the body.
- Maintenance of water balance: the respiratory tract plays a role in the water loss mechanism.
- Regulation of body temperature: the respiratory tract plays a role in the heat loss mechanism.
- Anticoagulant function: mast cells in the lungs secrete heparin, an anticoagulant.
- Regulation of acid-base balance: the respiratory tract plays a role in the maintenance of acid-base balance of the body.
Endocrine Functions of the Lung
- Synthesis of hormonal substances: prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and serotonin.
- Release of inflammatory mediators: histamine, endothelin, and eicosanoids.
- Release of nitric oxide to regulate smooth muscle tone.
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Description
This quiz covers the introduction, functional anatomy, and non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system, including lung volumes, capacities, and ventilation.
