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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the respiratory system?
What is the function of the respiratory system?
To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
What are the four components of the respiratory system?
What are the four components of the respiratory system?
- Internal respiration (correct)
- External respiration (correct)
- Transport (correct)
- Pulmonary ventilation (correct)
Which component of the respiratory system happens at the lungs?
Which component of the respiratory system happens at the lungs?
Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which component of the respiratory system happens in the blood stream?
Which component of the respiratory system happens in the blood stream?
Which component of the respiratory system happens in the tissues?
Which component of the respiratory system happens in the tissues?
What is meant by pulmonary ventilation?
What is meant by pulmonary ventilation?
List all structures encountered along the path of air molecules as they enter the body.
List all structures encountered along the path of air molecules as they enter the body.
What is the difference between the conducting and the respiratory zones?
What is the difference between the conducting and the respiratory zones?
What structures comprise the conducting zone?
What structures comprise the conducting zone?
What structures comprise the respiratory zone?
What structures comprise the respiratory zone?
Why is the nose called the 'air conditioner' of the respiratory system?
Why is the nose called the 'air conditioner' of the respiratory system?
What structures facilitate warming, filtering, and humidifying air?
What structures facilitate warming, filtering, and humidifying air?
Why does it matter whether entering/exiting air is conditioned or not?
Why does it matter whether entering/exiting air is conditioned or not?
What connective tissues make up the nose?
What connective tissues make up the nose?
What bones/cartilage comprise the nasal septum?
What bones/cartilage comprise the nasal septum?
What kind of tissue makes up the nasal mucosa?
What kind of tissue makes up the nasal mucosa?
What cells cause nasal mucosa to be moist/sticky?
What cells cause nasal mucosa to be moist/sticky?
What is the job of the capillary networks in the nose?
What is the job of the capillary networks in the nose?
Where are the nasal conchae located?
Where are the nasal conchae located?
What is the difference between a concha and a meatus?
What is the difference between a concha and a meatus?
What is the job of the nasal conchae?
What is the job of the nasal conchae?
What is the layman or simple term for the pharynx?
What is the layman or simple term for the pharynx?
What are the order of the pharynx?
What are the order of the pharynx?
How is the nasopharynx different from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx in terms of passage of food/air and tissue type?
How is the nasopharynx different from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx in terms of passage of food/air and tissue type?
What is the uvula and what is its function?
What is the uvula and what is its function?
What are the three functions of the larynx?
What are the three functions of the larynx?
To what structures superior/inferior does the larynx attach?
To what structures superior/inferior does the larynx attach?
Differentiate between the epiglottis, the glottis, and the vocal cords.
Differentiate between the epiglottis, the glottis, and the vocal cords.
How does the epiglottis prevent food from going down the wrong tube?
How does the epiglottis prevent food from going down the wrong tube?
What structures are connected by the trachea?
What structures are connected by the trachea?
Describe the structure of the trachea.
Describe the structure of the trachea.
Where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
Where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
Which one has rings of cartilage, trachea or esophagus?
Which one has rings of cartilage, trachea or esophagus?
Why is hyaline cartilage on the trachea necessary?
Why is hyaline cartilage on the trachea necessary?
Which one expands for food passage, trachea or esophagus?
Which one expands for food passage, trachea or esophagus?
What is the job of the trachealis muscle?
What is the job of the trachealis muscle?
What structures does the trachea subdivide into?
What structures does the trachea subdivide into?
What is meant by the term 'bronchial tree'?
What is meant by the term 'bronchial tree'?
What is the mucociliary escalator?
What is the mucociliary escalator?
How might smoking affect the mucociliary escalator's function?
How might smoking affect the mucociliary escalator's function?
What kind of tissue lines the bronchioles?
What kind of tissue lines the bronchioles?
What is the job of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?
What is the job of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?
What is asthma?
What is asthma?
How does asthma affect the smooth muscle and mucus of the bronchioles?
How does asthma affect the smooth muscle and mucus of the bronchioles?
What structures are the actual sites of gas exchange in the respiratory zone?
What structures are the actual sites of gas exchange in the respiratory zone?
What tissue are the sites of gas exchange in the respiratory zone composed of, and why is this helpful for gas exchange?
What tissue are the sites of gas exchange in the respiratory zone composed of, and why is this helpful for gas exchange?
What materials make up the respiratory membrane?
What materials make up the respiratory membrane?
What are type II alveolar cells and what do they secrete?
What are type II alveolar cells and what do they secrete?
Why is this surfactant crucial for breathing?
Why is this surfactant crucial for breathing?
Why are there so many capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
Why are there so many capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
Why would an illness that breaks down alveolar walls be so debilitating?
Why would an illness that breaks down alveolar walls be so debilitating?
Which body cavity contains the lungs?
Which body cavity contains the lungs?
Why are lungs so light and elastic?
Why are lungs so light and elastic?
What is the cardiac notch?
What is the cardiac notch?
What is the hilum?
What is the hilum?
What is meant by the term lung 'root' and what is the function of this region?
What is meant by the term lung 'root' and what is the function of this region?
What cavity holds the lungs?
What cavity holds the lungs?
Which membrane lines the lung tissue itself?
Which membrane lines the lung tissue itself?
What can lead to atelectasis?
What can lead to atelectasis?
When atelectasis happens, what part of the pleura has been compromised?
When atelectasis happens, what part of the pleura has been compromised?
Why is surface tension so important in lung expansion?
Why is surface tension so important in lung expansion?
What is meant by the term 'ventilation'?
What is meant by the term 'ventilation'?
Why would the air pressure in the lungs drop when the thoracic cavity expands?
Why would the air pressure in the lungs drop when the thoracic cavity expands?
What muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity?
What muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity?
What muscles are used to decrease the thoracic cavity?
What muscles are used to decrease the thoracic cavity?
What is the difference between tidal volume and residual volume?
What is the difference between tidal volume and residual volume?
Why is the process of diffusion so vital to gas exchange in the lungs and tissues?
Why is the process of diffusion so vital to gas exchange in the lungs and tissues?
What is the ventral respiratory group and how does it work?
What is the ventral respiratory group and how does it work?
Levels of what materials are monitored by the chemoreceptors?
Levels of what materials are monitored by the chemoreceptors?
What changes would trigger the stimulation of the VRG to increase rate/depth of breathing?
What changes would trigger the stimulation of the VRG to increase rate/depth of breathing?
Study Notes
Function of the Respiratory System
- Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
Components of the Respiratory System
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Transport of gases
- Internal respiration
Respiratory Processes
- Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration occur in the lungs.
- Gas transport happens within the bloodstream.
- Internal respiration occurs at the tissue level.
Air Pathway
- Air travels through nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, into blood vessels, then tissues, and back through the bloodstream.
Conducting vs. Respiratory Zones
- Conducting zone consists of pathways for air entry (nostrils to bronchi).
- Respiratory zone includes regions for gas exchange (bronchioles to alveoli).
Structures of the Respiratory System
- Conducting zone: nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi.
- Respiratory zone: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.
Nose Functions
- Acts as an "air conditioner" by filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.
- Facilitates warming via nasal conchae and capillaries; filtering via nasal hairs and respiratory mucosa; humidifying through nasal conchae.
Importance of Conditioned Air
- Helps filter pollutants, prevent body core chilling from cold air, and promotes easy gas exchange by moistening air.
Nasal Anatomy
- Composed of cartilage with the nasal septum made of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage.
Nasal Mucosa
- Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; moisture is contributed by goblet cells.
- Capillary networks warm incoming air.
Pharynx Structure
- Comprises nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, differing in function and tissue type (air vs. food passage).
Larynx Functions
- Produces vocalizations.
- Provides an open airway for breathing.
- Routes food and air into the correct channels.
Trachea Structure
- Composed of rings of hyaline cartilage, connecting larynx to bronchi.
- Located anterior to the esophagus, enabling its expansion for food passage.
Bronchial Tree
- The trachea branches into primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Mucociliary Escalator
- Made of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucus, traps particles to be expelled via cilia.
- Smoking paralyzes cilia, impairing function.
Bronchioles
- Linings transition from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium as they become smaller.
- Smooth muscle regulates their diameter.
Asthma
- Characterized by airway inflammation, increased mucus, and bronchial constriction, leading to restricted airflow and wheezing.
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
- Sites of gas exchange, lined with simple squamous epithelium for efficient diffusion; high capillary density enhances oxygen transfer.
Surfactant Function
- Secreted by type II alveolar cells, surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing.
Lung Structure
- Housed in the thoracic cavity, lungs are light and elastic, permitting expansion and contraction.
- The cardiac notch allows space for the heart in the left lung.
Pleura and Lung Expansion
- The visceral membrane lines lung tissue; air or fluid can cause atelectasis (lung collapse).
- Surface tension assists lung expansion during thoracic cavity changes.
Ventilation Mechanics
- Air pressure changes drive airflow into and out of the lungs, regulated by diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
- Boyle's Law explains pressure-volume relationship during breathing.
Respiratory Control
- The ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla regulates the rhythm of breathing; it monitors O2, CO2, and pH levels.
- Stimuli for increasing breathing include drops in O2, rises in CO2, or increased acidity.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with these flashcards for Chapter 22. Explore the key functions, components, and processes involved in respiration. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of this essential biological system.
