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Questions and Answers
What structure supports the trachea?
What structure supports the trachea?
The bronchiole contains cartilage to aid in its flexibility.
The bronchiole contains cartilage to aid in its flexibility.
False
What happens to lung volume when air is injected into a bronchiole?
What happens to lung volume when air is injected into a bronchiole?
The lung volume increases.
The ______ in the lung tissue allows for elastic recoil during exhalation.
The ______ in the lung tissue allows for elastic recoil during exhalation.
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Match the lung components with their characteristics:
Match the lung components with their characteristics:
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
How many lobes does the left lung have?
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Which type of cells in the nasal cavity help trap dust particles and microorganisms?
Which type of cells in the nasal cavity help trap dust particles and microorganisms?
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The mouth cavity serves to filter incoming air as effectively as the nostrils.
The mouth cavity serves to filter incoming air as effectively as the nostrils.
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The lung tissue is hard and rigid.
The lung tissue is hard and rigid.
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What allows for the flexible extension of the oesophagus during swallowing?
What allows for the flexible extension of the oesophagus during swallowing?
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What is the correct order of airflow along the respiratory tract represented by letters G, E, D, A, C, F, B?
What is the correct order of airflow along the respiratory tract represented by letters G, E, D, A, C, F, B?
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Cell X is a __________ cell and Cell Y is a __________ cell in the nasal cavity.
Cell X is a __________ cell and Cell Y is a __________ cell in the nasal cavity.
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Match the following structures with their primary functions:
Match the following structures with their primary functions:
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Which structure has the largest lumen size?
Which structure has the largest lumen size?
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What is the primary purpose of the cartilage shapes in the trachea and bronchus?
What is the primary purpose of the cartilage shapes in the trachea and bronchus?
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Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells work together to protect the body from bacteria.
Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells work together to protect the body from bacteria.
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What happens to the volume of tidal air when a person breathes deeply?
What happens to the volume of tidal air when a person breathes deeply?
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Exhaled air contains more oxygen than inhaled air.
Exhaled air contains more oxygen than inhaled air.
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What is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?
What is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?
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Tar deposits on the walls of the air sac can reduce the rate of _______ of oxygen.
Tar deposits on the walls of the air sac can reduce the rate of _______ of oxygen.
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Match the following air components with their respective concentrations in inhaled and exhaled air:
Match the following air components with their respective concentrations in inhaled and exhaled air:
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What effect does deep breathing have on the rate of oxygen uptake in the blood?
What effect does deep breathing have on the rate of oxygen uptake in the blood?
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Nitrogen is produced by body cells during respiration.
Nitrogen is produced by body cells during respiration.
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What should be done to compare the oxygen content of atmospheric air and exhaled air samples?
What should be done to compare the oxygen content of atmospheric air and exhaled air samples?
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What percentage of oxygen does exhaled air contain?
What percentage of oxygen does exhaled air contain?
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Exhaled air contains less carbon dioxide compared to inhaled air.
Exhaled air contains less carbon dioxide compared to inhaled air.
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What is the role of blood capillaries in lung tissue?
What is the role of blood capillaries in lung tissue?
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Mouth to mouth ventilation can help a patient stay alive because exhaled air still contains ___________ for respiration.
Mouth to mouth ventilation can help a patient stay alive because exhaled air still contains ___________ for respiration.
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Match the type of air with its carbon dioxide content:
Match the type of air with its carbon dioxide content:
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What happens to the lime water when exhaled air is passed through it?
What happens to the lime water when exhaled air is passed through it?
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The wall of the air sac in the lungs is thick to facilitate gas exchange.
The wall of the air sac in the lungs is thick to facilitate gas exchange.
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How does the structure of lung tissue contribute to effective gas exchange?
How does the structure of lung tissue contribute to effective gas exchange?
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What is the role of oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the role of oxyhaemoglobin?
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The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the body.
The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the body.
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What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
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During exhalation, the rib cage moves ______ and ______.
During exhalation, the rib cage moves ______ and ______.
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Match the process with the corresponding characteristics:
Match the process with the corresponding characteristics:
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What is the primary driving force for air flow during breathing?
What is the primary driving force for air flow during breathing?
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Hydrogencarbonate ions are a waste product of respiration.
Hydrogencarbonate ions are a waste product of respiration.
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What structure helps hold the lungs and thoracic cavity together?
What structure helps hold the lungs and thoracic cavity together?
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Which type of muscle do intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles belong to?
Which type of muscle do intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles belong to?
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The air pressure in the lungs decreases when inhalation occurs.
The air pressure in the lungs decreases when inhalation occurs.
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What happens during exhalation?
What happens during exhalation?
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Inhalation occurs when air pressure in the lungs is __________ than the atmospheric pressure.
Inhalation occurs when air pressure in the lungs is __________ than the atmospheric pressure.
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Match the periods of breathing activity with their description:
Match the periods of breathing activity with their description:
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What is the rate of breathing for Person A at rest?
What is the rate of breathing for Person A at rest?
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If the pleural membrane on one side of the thorax is punctured, what happens to the corresponding lung?
If the pleural membrane on one side of the thorax is punctured, what happens to the corresponding lung?
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During breathing, the volume of lungs is largest just after exhalation.
During breathing, the volume of lungs is largest just after exhalation.
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Study Notes
Human Breathing System
- Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
- Gas exchange in Amoeba involves oxygen diffusing into the cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.
- The process of respiration in humans occurs through a combination of a breathing system and transport systems.
- The human breathing system includes the nasal cavity, nostrils, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, intercostal muscles, ribs, air sacs, inner and outer pleural membrane, and pleural cavity, and lungs, diaphragm.
Airflow and Nostrils/Mouth
- Breathing through nostrils is better than the mouth because hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity filter incoming air, trapping dust and microorganisms. The mouth cavity lacks these features.
Cells in Nasal Cavity
- Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells line the nasal cavity.
- Ciliated epithelial cells remove trapped particles and microorganisms and mucus-secreting cells produce mucus to trap these particles, and thus protect the body from bacterial invasion.
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
- The trachea is supported by C-shaped cartilages, while bronchi are supported by circular rings of cartilage .
- The trachea's posterior wall lacks cartilage, allowing flexibility during swallowing.
- Bronchioles have smooth muscles but no cartilage. This allows them to constrict and dilate, regulating airflow.
Lung Tissue and Air Movement
- Lung tissue is soft and spongy, supported by cartilage (in the trachea only).
- Air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs increase in volume when air is pumped in and decrease during exhalation.
- The air sacs in the lungs have high density owing to the presence of air.
Importance of Elastic Fibres
- Elastic fibres in lung tissue allow expansion during inhalation and recoil during exhalation, facilitating efficient air movement.
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
- Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen and exhaled air contains 16% oxygen.
- Inhaled air contains 0.04% carbon dioxide, and exhaled air contains 4% carbon dioxide.
- Inhaled air is less saturated with water molecules than exhaled air, and exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air.
Hydrogencarbonate Indicator
- Expired air has more carbon dioxide than inhaled air, which is visible in a experiment using a hydrogencarbonate indicator.
- Exhaled air turns a hydrogencarbonate indicator yellow, while inhaled air remains red. A similar result is observed if a lime water test is performed.
Lung Tissue Structure and Function
- The alveoli, air sacs in the lungs, have thin walls and a large surface area.
- The thin walls and a large surface area in the alveoli facilitate efficient gas exchange.
- The abundance of capillaries surrounding the alveoli enables rapid gas transport to and from the blood.
Oxygen and Blood (in Gas Exchange)
- Oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the capillaries.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sacs, facilitating gaseous exchange.
Ventilation (Breathing)
- Inhalation: Intercostal muscles contract, causing ribs to move upwards and outwards, and the diaphragm flattens increasing the volume of the thoracic/chest cavity. This causes air pressure in the lungs to decrease, so air moves into the lungs.
- Exhalation: Intercostal muscles relax, causing ribs to move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape, and this decreases the thoracic cavity/chest volume increasing the pressure inside the lungs, so air moves out of the lungs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the human respiratory system with this quiz. Explore topics such as lung components, airflow, and the roles of various cells in the nasal cavity. Perfect for students learning about human biology.