Biology Chapter: Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What structure supports the trachea?

  • Smooth muscle
  • C-shaped cartilages (correct)
  • Circular rings of cartilage
  • Elastic fibers

    • The bronchiole contains cartilage to aid in its flexibility.

    False (B)

    What happens to lung volume when air is injected into a bronchiole?

    The lung volume increases.

    The ______ in the lung tissue allows for elastic recoil during exhalation.

    <p>elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lung components with their characteristics:

    <p>Trachea = C-shaped cartilages Bronchiole = No cartilage present Lung tissue = Soft and spongy Elastic fibers = Allow stretching and recoiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the left lung have?

    <p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the nasal cavity help trap dust particles and microorganisms?

    <p>Ciliated epithelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mouth cavity serves to filter incoming air as effectively as the nostrils.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lung tissue is hard and rigid.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for the flexible extension of the oesophagus during swallowing?

    <p>The absence of cartilage in the back of the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of airflow along the respiratory tract represented by letters G, E, D, A, C, F, B?

    <p>G → E → D → A → C → F → B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell X is a __________ cell and Cell Y is a __________ cell in the nasal cavity.

    <p>ciliated epithelial, mucus-secreting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their primary functions:

    <p>Trachea = Provides a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs Bronchi = Branches that lead air into each lung Bronchioles = Smaller air passages that lead to alveoli Alveoli = Sites of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure has the largest lumen size?

    <p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cartilage shapes in the trachea and bronchus?

    <p>To maintain open airways and allow flexibility during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells work together to protect the body from bacteria.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of tidal air when a person breathes deeply?

    <p>The volume of tidal air increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhaled air contains more oxygen than inhaled air.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tar deposits on the walls of the air sac can reduce the rate of _______ of oxygen.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following air components with their respective concentrations in inhaled and exhaled air:

    <p>Oxygen = 21% (inhaled) Carbon Dioxide = 4% (exhaled) Nitrogen = 78% (both)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does deep breathing have on the rate of oxygen uptake in the blood?

    <p>The rate of oxygen uptake increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrogen is produced by body cells during respiration.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to compare the oxygen content of atmospheric air and exhaled air samples?

    <p>Put a burning candle/splint into the gas samples and compare the time it burns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen does exhaled air contain?

    <p>16% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhaled air contains less carbon dioxide compared to inhaled air.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of blood capillaries in lung tissue?

    <p>They allow rapid transport of gases to and away from the air sacs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mouth to mouth ventilation can help a patient stay alive because exhaled air still contains ___________ for respiration.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of air with its carbon dioxide content:

    <p>Inhaled air = Lower carbon dioxide content Exhaled air = Higher carbon dioxide content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lime water when exhaled air is passed through it?

    <p>It turns milky. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wall of the air sac in the lungs is thick to facilitate gas exchange.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of lung tissue contribute to effective gas exchange?

    <p>The lung tissue has numerous air sacs and thin walls, providing a large surface area and reducing the diffusion distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>Picks up oxygen from air sacs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>It contracts and flattens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exhalation, the rib cage moves ______ and ______.

    <p>downwards, inwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with the corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Inhalation = Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases Exhalation = Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic cavity volume decreases Oxygen uptake = Oxyhaemoglobin is formed Carbon dioxide release = Gaseous waste is expelled from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for air flow during breathing?

    <p>Air pressure gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogencarbonate ions are a waste product of respiration.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure helps hold the lungs and thoracic cavity together?

    <p>Pleural membranes and pleural fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle do intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles belong to?

    <p>Skeletal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The air pressure in the lungs decreases when inhalation occurs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during exhalation?

    <p>Air is forced out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation occurs when air pressure in the lungs is __________ than the atmospheric pressure.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the periods of breathing activity with their description:

    <p>0 – 2 s = Inhalation 2nd second = Largest lung volume 4 – 6 s = Inhalation 6th second = Largest lung volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of breathing for Person A at rest?

    <p>15 breaths per minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pleural membrane on one side of the thorax is punctured, what happens to the corresponding lung?

    <p>It collapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During breathing, the volume of lungs is largest just after exhalation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Breathing System

    • Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
    • Gas exchange in Amoeba involves oxygen diffusing into the cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.
    • The process of respiration in humans occurs through a combination of a breathing system and transport systems.
    • The human breathing system includes the nasal cavity, nostrils, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, intercostal muscles, ribs, air sacs, inner and outer pleural membrane, and pleural cavity, and lungs, diaphragm.

    Airflow and Nostrils/Mouth

    • Breathing through nostrils is better than the mouth because hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity filter incoming air, trapping dust and microorganisms. The mouth cavity lacks these features.

    Cells in Nasal Cavity

    • Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-secreting cells line the nasal cavity.
    • Ciliated epithelial cells remove trapped particles and microorganisms and mucus-secreting cells produce mucus to trap these particles, and thus protect the body from bacterial invasion.

    Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles

    • The trachea is supported by C-shaped cartilages, while bronchi are supported by circular rings of cartilage .
    • The trachea's posterior wall lacks cartilage, allowing flexibility during swallowing.
    • Bronchioles have smooth muscles but no cartilage. This allows them to constrict and dilate, regulating airflow.

    Lung Tissue and Air Movement

    • Lung tissue is soft and spongy, supported by cartilage (in the trachea only).
    • Air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs increase in volume when air is pumped in and decrease during exhalation.
    • The air sacs in the lungs have high density owing to the presence of air.

    Importance of Elastic Fibres

    • Elastic fibres in lung tissue allow expansion during inhalation and recoil during exhalation, facilitating efficient air movement.

    Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air

    • Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen and exhaled air contains 16% oxygen.
    • Inhaled air contains 0.04% carbon dioxide, and exhaled air contains 4% carbon dioxide.
    • Inhaled air is less saturated with water molecules than exhaled air, and exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air.

    Hydrogencarbonate Indicator

    • Expired air has more carbon dioxide than inhaled air, which is visible in a experiment using a hydrogencarbonate indicator.
    • Exhaled air turns a hydrogencarbonate indicator yellow, while inhaled air remains red. A similar result is observed if a lime water test is performed.

    Lung Tissue Structure and Function

    • The alveoli, air sacs in the lungs, have thin walls and a large surface area.
    • The thin walls and a large surface area in the alveoli facilitate efficient gas exchange.
    • The abundance of capillaries surrounding the alveoli enables rapid gas transport to and from the blood.

    Oxygen and Blood (in Gas Exchange)

    • Oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the capillaries.
    • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sacs, facilitating gaseous exchange.

    Ventilation (Breathing)

    • Inhalation: Intercostal muscles contract, causing ribs to move upwards and outwards, and the diaphragm flattens increasing the volume of the thoracic/chest cavity. This causes air pressure in the lungs to decrease, so air moves into the lungs.
    • Exhalation: Intercostal muscles relax, causing ribs to move downwards and inwards. The diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome shape, and this decreases the thoracic cavity/chest volume increasing the pressure inside the lungs, so air moves out of the lungs.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the human respiratory system with this quiz. Explore topics such as lung components, airflow, and the roles of various cells in the nasal cavity. Perfect for students learning about human biology.

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