Respiratory System Chapter 10 Quiz

Respiratory System (Chapter 10)

• Need for Respiration: Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Gas exchange and ventilation are vital for this process.

• Respiratory Processes: External respiration (gas exchange between lungs and blood), internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and body tissues), and cellular respiration (using oxygen to produce energy) are interconnected. Ventilation involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

• Respiratory Structures in Mammals: The respiratory system in mammals comprises structures facilitating air flow and gas exchange. Air flows through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

• Mechanism of Ventilation: Inhaling/inspiring involves expanding the chest cavity, decreasing pressure, and drawing air in. Exhaling/expiring is the reverse; chest cavity volume decreases and pressure increases, forcing air out.

• Inhalation/Exhalation Summary: Pneumotaxic center in the brainstem regulates breathing rate and depth

• Gas Exchange in Alveoli: Gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

• Partial Pressure & Altitude Effects: Gases move from areas of high to low partial pressure. Altitude lowers atmospheric pressure, affecting gas exchange and potentially needing adaptations like increased red blood cell production.

• Lung Capacity and spirometry:

  • Lung volumes are measured by spirometry, with a relationship between pulmonary capacities and respiratory function.

• Control of Breathing: Breathing is controlled by nerves and the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

  • Nerves monitor CO2 and adjust breathing rate accordingly

• Respiratory Disorders (Summary Table): A table summarizing various respiratory disorders. (Content not provided for this section)

Circulatory System (Chapter 11)

• Need for a Circulatory System: A circulatory system is necessary for efficient transport of materials (nutrients, oxygen, waste) throughout the body, especially in larger organisms where diffusion alone is inadequate.
  • A sponge lacks a circulatory system because its small size allows diffusion to function efficiently for nutrient and waste transport
• Circulatory System Functions: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
• Circulatory System Components: Blood, blood vessels, and a pump (heart) are the major components.
• Open vs. Closed Circulation: Closed circulatory systems use blood confined within vessels (mammals). Open systems (some invertebrates) have blood that bathes organs directly.
• Heart Chambers: Animals have varying heart chamber structures (2, 3, or 4 chambers). The number of chambers reflects the complexity of the circulatory system and the organism's lifestyle.
• Circulatory Circuits: Pulmonary circuit moves blood to the lungs for gas exchange. The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body's tissues. The cardiac circuit moves blood between the heart and the lungs and the tissues.
• Blood Composition: Blood consists of plasma (liquid), erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.
  • Plasma: Contains water, proteins (e.g., albumin), and dissolved substances.
  • Erythrocytes: Specialized for oxygen transport. Contain hemoglobin.
  • Leukocytes: Part of the immune system, various types (granular, agranular).
  • Platelets: Involved in blood clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin).
• Blood Cell Types, Formation, & Functions (detailed):
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs): Biconcave shape, enucleated, transport oxygen via hemoglobin; produced in red bone marrow; lifespan ~120 days; broken down in the liver and spleen.
  • Leukocytes (WBCs): Involved in immune responses; diverse types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes); formation in bone marrow & lymphoid tissue; each with its specific protective function.
  • Platelets: Fragments of megakaryocytes; crucial in blood clotting, forming a fibrin-based clot to stop leakage.
• Blood Types: Blood types (A, B, O, AB) are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Blood transfusions require compatibility (don't need to know the genotypes). Rh factor (positive/negative) also dictates compatibility, affecting Rh-negative women during pregnancy (antibody creation).
• Blood Disorders: Low or high counts of blood cells indicate potential health problems.
• Blood Vessels: Arteries (carry blood away from the heart), arterioles, capillaries (site of exchange), venules, veins (carry blood to the heart).
  • Blood Vessel Walls: Vary in thickness reflecting function. Capillary walls are extremely thin to allow efficient gas and nutrient exchange.
• Blood Flow Regulation: Blood flow is controlled via vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles, and precapillary sphincters control blood flow in capillaries.
• Blood Pressure: Blood pressure measures the force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls. Systolic (contraction) and diastolic (relaxation) pressures are measured and reported with values reflecting health.
  • Blood Volume: maintained through the lymphatic system.
• Lymphatic System: Returns fluids to the circulatory system, plays a role in immunity. Components include lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes.
• Blood Pressure Regulation: Factors like diet can contribute to hypertension. High blood pressure can lead to health issues.
• Heart Structure & Function: (labelling, chambers, valves, blood vessel connections). Valves, septum, nerve pathways, ECG-P,Q,R,S,T waves analysis.
• Heart Function: Cardiac cycle involves systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), producing characteristic heart sounds (lub-dub).
  • Nerves regulate heart rhythm (SA → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): A recording of electrical activity in the heart.
• Cardiovascular Disorders:
  • Plaques/Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis: Build-up of substances in arteries (plaque) can reduce blood flow, triggering health issues.
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Narrowing of arteries supplying the heart. Symptoms include angina. Treatments include managing risk factors, angioplasty and stents, and bypass surgery.
  • Heart Attack: Blockage of coronary arteries, causing damage to heart tissue. Symptoms and treatments are discussed.