Respiratory System and Breathing Regulation

Decreased oxygen concentrations

Depresses the respiratory rate

Medulla oblongata and pons of the brain

<p>Become more rigid and less elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be carefully prescribed based on individual client conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the act of breathing, including inspiration and expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung compliance determines the expansibility or stretchability of lung tissue, making it easier or harder to ventilate the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung expansion would be exceedingly difficult, and the lungs would collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>97%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medulla and pons of the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoventilation is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation, which can be caused by diseases of the respiratory muscles that lead to slow or shallow breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperventilation increases oxygenation by increasing the number of breaths, which can be achieved through the use of a ventilator or a manual resuscitation bag.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary function tests measure lung volume and capacity, and are used to assess respiratory function and oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, allowing for easier expansion of the lungs and improving lung compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The respiratory center is located in the brainstem, and it regulates breathing by controlling the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial blood is used in ABG analysis because it provides a more accurate reflection of gas exchange in the pulmonary system than venous blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the effort required for ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the surface tension of the alveolar lining, allowing for easier expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of applying pressure is to reduce the risk of bleeding or bruising, and this is necessary because a high-pressure artery is used to obtain the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As oxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveoli, allowing for easier expansion of the lungs. Impaired surfactant function would lead to decreased lung compliance, making it harder for the lungs to expand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ECG provides a graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity, which is necessary for the heart to pump blood effectively, thus facilitating oxygen transport throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These sounds indicate the presence of fluid or mucus in the air passages, narrowed air passages, or inflamed pleural surfaces, which can affect oxygenation and circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early signs of oxygen deprivation include tachycardia and tachypnea, while later signs of severe oxygen deprivation include confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditions that affect the heart's pumping action or stroke volume can impact cardiovascular function, leading to inadequate blood flow to organs and peripheral tissues, and altering the composition of the blood, ultimately affecting oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestion of the pulmonary vessels in left-sided heart failure can cause fluid to escape into the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange, and leading to a condition known as pulmonary edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical signs of hypercarbia include restlessness, hypertension, headache, lethargy, tremor, or elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood, indicating impaired respiratory function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic overwork of the heart can lead to heart failure by causing the heart to become unable to keep up with the body's need for oxygen and nutrients, ultimately resulting in inadequate cardiovascular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchospasm constricts airways, decreasing ventilation. Bronchodilators, including sympathomimetic drugs and xanthines, reduce bronchospasm, opening tight or congested airways and facilitating ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory medications decrease edema and inflammation in the airways, allowing for better air exchange and promoting oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectorants help 'break up' mucus, making it more liquid and easier to expectorate, facilitating oxygenation by clearing airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pursed-lip breathing involves breathing in normally through the nose and exhaling through pursed lips, blowing slowly and purposefully while tightening abdominal muscles. This technique helps alleviate dyspnea by slowing exhalation and reducing airway resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To use an incentive spirometer, hold or place it in an upright position. This device promotes oxygenation by encouraging deep, sustained breaths and increasing lung capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The respiratory center in the brainstem regulates pulmonary ventilation by sending signals to the diaphragm and other muscles to contract and relax, controlling breathing rate and depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, increasing lung compliance and facilitating ventilation by allowing for easier expansion and recoil of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen transport occurs through the bloodstream, where oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is transported to the tissues, where oxygen is released and utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In clients with emphysema/COPD, increased oxygen concentration can decrease respiratory rate, as the body senses a decrease in oxygen demand and reduces breathing effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung compliance affects the ease of ventilation by determining how easily the lungs can expand and recoil. Decreased lung compliance, often seen in clients with respiratory disorders, makes ventilation more difficult and increases the work of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers