Respiratory System Regulation- Resp part 2

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What is the main stimulus for ventilation in patients with severe lung disease?

Decreased pH in the cerebrospinal fluid

Increased respiratory rate

Increased PCO2

Decreased PO2 (correct)

What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors?

To monitor changes in arterial oxygen levels

To monitor changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH (correct)

To monitor changes in body temperature

To monitor changes in arterial carbon dioxide levels

What is the main mechanism by which the body compensates for respiratory acidosis in chronic lung disease?

Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate by the kidneys (correct)

Increased production of carbonic anhydrase in the lungs

Increased production of bicarbonate by the liver

Increased ventilation by the peripheral chemoreceptors

What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

To monitor changes in arterial oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of opioid drugs on ventilation?

Decrease in respiratory rate and decrease in tidal volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and lung volume?

Inversely proportional Signup and view all the answers

What type of airflow is predominant in the trachea and larger airways?

Turbulent flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of intrapleural pressure?

-3 to -5 cm H2O Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors?

Increase in blood H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

How does respiratory acidosis affect pulmonary ventilation?

Decreases pulmonary ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Increased blood O2 levels Signup and view all the answers

In respiratory alkalosis, what is the reaction that helps lower the pH back to normal?

Formation of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may be compensated for by Kussmaul respirations?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What do central chemoreceptors monitor primarily?

[H+] of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Signup and view all the answers

How do central chemoreceptors respond to an increase in [H+]?

Stimulate ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain do central chemoreceptors primarily reside in?

Medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the thickness of the membrane for gas exchange?

0.5 µm Signup and view all the answers

How many heme groups bind to oxygen in hemoglobin?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin for transport?

98.5% Signup and view all the answers

What compound is made by RBCs to adapt to conditions of hypoxemia?

2,3-BPG Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2?

Sigmoid curve Signup and view all the answers

How many chains make up adult Hgb?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which areas require good perfusion according to ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Areas of good ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about increasing frequency while maintaining a constant volume is true?

It results in a proportional increase in both alveolar ventilation and dead space. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency is correct?

It results in no change in dead space but an increase in alveolar ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is more effective in increasing alveolar ventilation (VA)?

Increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following age-related changes is associated with decreased alveolar elasticity and lung compliance?

Increased residual volume and decreased maximal expiratory flow rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is an example of a restrictive disorder?

Pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors determine the rate of diffusion of gases and gas exchange between blood and alveolus?

Partial pressures and solubility of gases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the composition of air is correct?

Air is a mixture of gases, each contributing its partial pressure at sea level of 1 atm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an obstructive disorder?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

In Zone I of the lung, where the alveolar pressure (Pa) is less than both the arterial pressure (Pa) and the venous pressure (Pv), what is the primary consequence?

The arterioles are compressed, leading to ventilation without perfusion (deadspace). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that causes the hysteresis observed in the pressure-volume curves of the lung?

The airway closure and trapping that occurs during expiration. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lung mechanics, what is the primary significance of the Bernoulli effect?

It accentuates the collapse of airways during expiration due to decreased pressure in constricted regions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lung conditions would typically result in a characteristic flow-volume loop pattern on spirometry?

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of chest wall compliance, which is the opposite of elasticity?

The distensibility or stretchability of the chest wall and respiratory muscles. Signup and view all the answers

In Zone III of the lung, where the alveolar pressure (Pa) exceeds both the arterial pressure (Pa) and the venous pressure (Pv), what is the primary consequence?

The blood flow is unrestricted, and gas exchange occurs normally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of functional residual capacity (FRC) in the context of lung volumes and capacities?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the elastic properties of the lungs during the respiratory cycle?

The tendency of the lung tissue to recoil to a smaller volume after inflation. Signup and view all the answers

The fetal hemoglobin Ɣ chains replace β chains - Ɣ chains are neutral (0 charge) and don’t bind 2,3-BPG, shifting the dissociation curve to the ____

left Signup and view all the answers

In carbon dioxide transport, 70% is carried as carbonic acid, 23% as carbaminohemoglobin, and 7% is in the form of dissolved ____

gas Signup and view all the answers

At tissues, for CO2 loading, carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyzes CO2 + H2O to form H2CO3 which then dissociates into HCO3- and ____

H+ Signup and view all the answers

At tissues, for O2 unloading, H+ binding to HbO2 decreases its affinity for O2, resulting in Hb arriving 97% saturated and leaving % saturated, demonstrating venous

75, reserve Signup and view all the answers

At tissues, the chloride shift facilitates the exchange of HCO3- for ____ to keep the CO2 loading reaction proceeding

Cl- Signup and view all the answers

Carbon dioxide unloading at the lung involves the reverse chloride shift, where HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for ____

Cl- Signup and view all the answers

During gas exchange at the lung, CO2 unloading occurs as Hb loads O2, decreasing its affinity for H+ which then dissociates from Hb and binds with ____

HCO3 Signup and view all the answers

At the lung, the reverse of systemic gas exchange occurs for CO2 unloading, where HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for ____

Cl- Signup and view all the answers

Alveolar gas exchange involves the diffusion of CO2 out of the alveolus to be ____, as O2 loads onto hemoglobin

exhaled Signup and view all the answers

Some non-respiratory functions of the lungs include the extraction/metabolism of hormones & drugs such as amines, peptides, arachadonic acid derivatives, purine derivatives, some local anesthetics, and certain ____

opioids Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency on dead space and alveolar ventilation.

No change to dead space, increase in alveolar ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effects of restrictive disorders on compliance and vital capacity.

Decreased compliance and vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence in Zone III of the lung where the alveolar pressure exceeds both the arterial and venous pressure?

Blood flow is continuous during systole and diastole Signup and view all the answers

Explain the gas exchange process in terms of partial pressures at the alveolus and pulmonary artery.

Gas exchange is driven by partial pressures of gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the context of respiratory control?

Monitoring pH levels Signup and view all the answers

How do obstructive disorders affect airflow and expiration?

Interfere with airflow, require more effort for expiration Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of age-related changes on alveolar elasticity and lung compliance.

Decreased elasticity and compliance Signup and view all the answers

Describe the gas exchange process in terms of diffusion rates and gas exchange between blood and alveolus.

Partial pressures determine diffusion rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the rate at which gas exchange occurs between blood and alveolus?

Partial pressures of gases Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between increasing tidal volume and alveolar ventilation compared to increasing frequency.

Tidal volume more effective for increasing alveolar ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gas exchange processes with their respective locations: CO2 loading, O2 unloading

Tissues = Lung Lung = Tissues Alveolar Gas Exchange = Gas Exchange at tissues Gas Exchange at tissues = Alveolar Gas Exchange Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gas transport percentages with their corresponding forms: 70% carbonic acid, 23% carbaminohemoglobin

Dissolved gas - 7% = Carbonic acid - 70% Carbaminohemoglobin - 23% = Dissolved gas - 7% Carbonic acid - 70% = Carbaminohemoglobin - 23% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following non-respiratory functions with their associated hormones/drugs: Amines, Arachadonic Acid derivatives

Peptides (Bradykinin, ANP, Endothelin) = Purine derivatives (ATP to Adenosine) Some Local Anesthetics = Diazepam Thiopental = Some Opioids Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes = Purine derivatives (ATP to Adenosine) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of fetal hemoglobin with their consequences: Neutral (0 charge), Doesn't bind 2,3-BPG

Shifts dissociation curve to the Left = Shifts dissociation curve to the Right Shifts dissociation curve to the Right = Shifts dissociation curve to the Left Replaces β chains = Replaces γ chains Replaces γ chains = Replaces β chains Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gas exchange processes with their mechanisms: CO2 unloading, O2 loading

Chloride shift via HCO3-/Cl- Anion exchanger = Cl- ion shift via HCO3-/Cl- Anion exchanger Reverse chloride shift = H+ binding to HbO2 decreases its affinity for O2 HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for Cl- = HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for Cl- H+ binds to hemoglobin = H+ dissociates from Hb and binds with HCO3 Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory System Regulation- Resp part 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the main stimulus for ventilation in patients with severe lung disease?

What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors?

What is the main mechanism by which the body compensates for respiratory acidosis in chronic lung disease?

What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

What is the main effect of opioid drugs on ventilation?

What is the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and lung volume?

What type of airflow is predominant in the trachea and larger airways?

What is the normal range of intrapleural pressure?

What is the primary stimulus for central chemoreceptors?

How does respiratory acidosis affect pulmonary ventilation?

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

In respiratory alkalosis, what is the reaction that helps lower the pH back to normal?

Which condition may be compensated for by Kussmaul respirations?

What do central chemoreceptors monitor primarily?

How do central chemoreceptors respond to an increase in [H+]?

What part of the brain do central chemoreceptors primarily reside in?

What is the thickness of the membrane for gas exchange?

How many heme groups bind to oxygen in hemoglobin?

What percentage of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin for transport?

What compound is made by RBCs to adapt to conditions of hypoxemia?

What term describes the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2?

How many chains make up adult Hgb?

Which areas require good perfusion according to ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Which of the following statements about increasing frequency while maintaining a constant volume is true?

Which of the following statements about increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency is correct?

Which of the following is more effective in increasing alveolar ventilation (VA)?

Which of the following age-related changes is associated with decreased alveolar elasticity and lung compliance?

Which of the following conditions is an example of a restrictive disorder?

Which of the following factors determine the rate of diffusion of gases and gas exchange between blood and alveolus?

Which of the following statements about the composition of air is correct?

Which of the following is an example of an obstructive disorder?

In Zone I of the lung, where the alveolar pressure (Pa) is less than both the arterial pressure (Pa) and the venous pressure (Pv), what is the primary consequence?

What is the primary factor that causes the hysteresis observed in the pressure-volume curves of the lung?

In the context of lung mechanics, what is the primary significance of the Bernoulli effect?

Which of the following lung conditions would typically result in a characteristic flow-volume loop pattern on spirometry?

What is the primary determinant of chest wall compliance, which is the opposite of elasticity?

In Zone III of the lung, where the alveolar pressure (Pa) exceeds both the arterial pressure (Pa) and the venous pressure (Pv), what is the primary consequence?

What is the definition of functional residual capacity (FRC) in the context of lung volumes and capacities?

What is the primary factor that determines the elastic properties of the lungs during the respiratory cycle?

The fetal hemoglobin Ɣ chains replace β chains - Ɣ chains are neutral (0 charge) and don’t bind 2,3-BPG, shifting the dissociation curve to the ____

In carbon dioxide transport, 70% is carried as carbonic acid, 23% as carbaminohemoglobin, and 7% is in the form of dissolved ____

At tissues, for CO2 loading, carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyzes CO2 + H2O to form H2CO3 which then dissociates into HCO3- and ____

At tissues, for O2 unloading, H+ binding to HbO2 decreases its affinity for O2, resulting in Hb arriving 97% saturated and leaving ____% saturated, demonstrating venous ____

At tissues, the chloride shift facilitates the exchange of HCO3- for ____ to keep the CO2 loading reaction proceeding

Carbon dioxide unloading at the lung involves the reverse chloride shift, where HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for ____

During gas exchange at the lung, CO2 unloading occurs as Hb loads O2, decreasing its affinity for H+ which then dissociates from Hb and binds with ____

At the lung, the reverse of systemic gas exchange occurs for CO2 unloading, where HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for ____

Alveolar gas exchange involves the diffusion of CO2 out of the alveolus to be ____, as O2 loads onto hemoglobin

Some non-respiratory functions of the lungs include the extraction/metabolism of hormones & drugs such as amines, peptides, arachadonic acid derivatives, purine derivatives, some local anesthetics, and certain ____

Explain the impact of increasing tidal volume while maintaining constant frequency on dead space and alveolar ventilation.

Describe the effects of restrictive disorders on compliance and vital capacity.

What is the primary consequence in Zone III of the lung where the alveolar pressure exceeds both the arterial and venous pressure?

Explain the gas exchange process in terms of partial pressures at the alveolus and pulmonary artery.

What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the context of respiratory control?

How do obstructive disorders affect airflow and expiration?

Explain the impact of age-related changes on alveolar elasticity and lung compliance.

Describe the gas exchange process in terms of diffusion rates and gas exchange between blood and alveolus.

What is the primary factor that determines the rate at which gas exchange occurs between blood and alveolus?

Explain the relationship between increasing tidal volume and alveolar ventilation compared to increasing frequency.

Match the following gas exchange processes with their respective locations: CO2 loading, O2 unloading

Match the following gas transport percentages with their corresponding forms: 70% carbonic acid, 23% carbaminohemoglobin

Match the following non-respiratory functions with their associated hormones/drugs: Amines, Arachadonic Acid derivatives

Match the following features of fetal hemoglobin with their consequences: Neutral (0 charge), Doesn't bind 2,3-BPG

Match the following gas exchange processes with their mechanisms: CO2 unloading, O2 loading

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