Respiratory System and Blood Gas Levels

Respiratory System

• When a person hyperventilates, the level of carbon dioxide in their blood decreases.
• An increased respiratory rate and depth can be caused by increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood or decreased pH in the blood.
• Cilia are tiny hair-like structures in the airways that push mucus toward the pharynx, trapping and holding foreign material.
• Nasal conchae extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
• The nasal mucosa, which lines the nasal cavity, helps remove pathogens.

Nasal Cavity

• The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum.

Respiratory System

• Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs.
• The pleura allows the lungs to move freely in the thorax due to the secretion of a serous fluid.

Respiratory Tree

• Alveoli are attached to the bronchioles.

Glottis

• The glottis is the medical term for the opening between the vocal cords.

Swallowing

• The epiglottis prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.

Breathing Process

• When air enters the lungs, thoracic pressure decreases, the diaphragm flattens, the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, and the amount of space in the thoracic cavity increases.
• When air leaves the lungs, air pressure in the lungs becomes lower than atmospheric pressure.

Respiratory Rate Control

• The respiratory rate is affected by the Pons, carbon dioxide in the blood, medulla oblongata, and pH of the blood.
• Pain does not directly affect the respiratory rate.

Respiratory Rhythm Control

• The medulla oblongata and pons exert control on the respiratory rhythm.
• Fear, pH of the blood, and pain do not directly control the respiratory rhythm.

Lung Capacity

• Inspiratory capacity is not the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
• Vital capacity is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
• Residual volume, total lung capacity, and forced vital capacity are different lung capacity measurements.

Lung Volumes

• Tidal volume is not the amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.
• Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.
• Inspiratory reserve volume, peak expiratory flow, and residual volume are different lung volume measurements.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

• The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath is called the tidal volume.
• The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation is called the inspiratory reserve volume.
• The amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times is called the residual volume.
• The functional residual capacity is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation.
• The vital capacity is the total amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible.
• The total lung capacity is the total amount of air that the lungs can hold.

Respiratory Diseases

• Influenza is a respiratory illness caused by a virus and typically lasts 5-10 days.
• COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe.
• Legionnaire's disease is a serious type of pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium.
• Pleurisy is inflammation of the lining surrounding the lungs.
• Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that causes shortness of breath and can be caused by smoking.

Respiratory System Disorders

• Inflammation in the bronchial tree can cause an obstruction, leading to Asthma.

Smoking Risks

• Smokers are more likely to develop Bronchitis, and repeated episodes increase the risk of lung cancer.

Respiratory Disorders

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition that limits airflow to the lungs, causing alveoli to become enlarged.

Pneumonia Types

• Legionnaire's disease is an acute type of bacterial pneumonia caused by bacteria found in air conditioning systems.

Respiratory System Damage

• Emphysema is a chronic condition that damages the alveoli of the lungs due to stretching of the spaces between the alveoli, paralyzing the cilia of the respiratory system.

Respiratory Diseases and Conditions

• Pneumothorax is a collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis.
• Pulmonary edema occurs when heart function declines and fluid fills spaces of the lungs.
• Pulmonary embolism is a blocked artery in the lungs, frequently the result of immobility.
• SARS is a relatively new respiratory disease caused by a contagious and sometimes fatal virus.
• SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) can be decreased by positioning a baby on its back for sleep, especially for those at risk or with previous apneic episodes.

Note: No connections to options A, B, C, D, or E are required as the text doesn't provide explicit correlations.

Respiratory Conditions

• Pneumothorax is a collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis.
• Pulmonary edema is a condition that occurs when heart function declines and fluid fills spaces of the lungs.
• Pulmonary embolism is a blocked artery in the lungs and is frequently the result of immobility.

Infectious Diseases

• SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a relatively new respiratory disease caused by a virus that is very contagious and sometimes fatal.
• TB (Tuberculosis) is a respiratory disease that can be caused by a bacterial infection.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• It is recommended to position a baby on its back for sleep to decrease the chance of SIDS.
• This is especially important for those known to be at risk, those with previous apneic episodes, or those who have lost a sibling.

Other Conditions

• Emphysema is a respiratory condition that can cause damage to the lungs.
• RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is a respiratory condition that can occur in babies.
• COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a respiratory condition that can cause breathing difficulties.
• Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that can cause respiratory problems.
• Pneumoconiosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhaling dust or other particles.

Respiratory System

• Allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens.

Lung Disease

• Emphysema is a lung disease that results from years of exposure to different environmental or occupational types of dust.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

• Coryza is another name for an upper respiratory tract infection (URI) or the common cold.

Larynx Anatomy

• The third cartilage of the larynx is called the cricoid cartilage, which forms most of the posterior wall of the larynx and a small part of the anterior wall.

Atelectasis Symptoms

• Symptoms of atelectasis include dyspnea, diaphoresis (excessive perspiration), anxiety, tachycardia, and intercostal muscle retraction.

Respiratory System Terminology

• Atelectasis is the medical term for a collapsed lung.
• Dyspnea is the medical term for when a patient has difficulty breathing.
• Empyema is a type of pleural effusion caused by an infective process, resulting in a pus buildup.
• The larynx is formed by three cartilages: the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis cartilage.
• The respiratory symptoms of lung cancer include a cough that worsens over time and hemoptysis, which is coughing up blood.

Respiratory Terminology

• A pleural effusion consisting of blood in the pleural cavity is called a Hemothorax.
• A pleural effusion causing dry fluid in the pleural cavity is called a Hydrothorax.
• Hyperventilation is a state of breathing rapidly and deeply, which decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
• Hypoxia is a condition where cells are inadequately oxygenated.
• Orthopnea is a condition characterized by difficulty breathing, especially when lying down.

Pleural Conditions

• A pleural effusion is a condition in which fluid, blood, air, or pus accumulates in the pleural cavity.
• Pleuritis, also known as pleurisy, is a condition in which the pleura of the lungs become inflamed.
• A pleural effusion that consists of air in the pleural cavity is also called a pneumothorax.
• A pleural effusion that consists of pus in the pleural cavity is called a pyothorax.

Pulmonary Function

• Surfactant is a fatty substance that helps maintain the inflation of the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing in on themselves between inspirations.

Respiratory System

• A thoracocentesis is a procedure to remove fluid and/or pus from the pleural cavity.
• A thoracostomy is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a tube into the pleural cavity to continually drain fluid.

Respiration and Oxygen Transport

• The primary function of the respiratory system is ventilation, which involves moving air in and out of the lungs.
• Most of the oxygen in the bloodstream binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
• When hemoglobin is bound to oxygen, it is bright red in color and is referred to as oxyhemoglobin.