Respiratory System Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the unit of surface tension?

  • J/m²
  • dyne/cm (correct)
  • N/m
  • Pa

    • What is the formula for the pressure inside a soap bubble?

  • P = 8𝜸/R
  • P = 4𝜸/R (correct)
  • P = 2𝜸/R
  • P = 𝜸/R

    • What is the formula for the pressure inside a spherical alveolus?

  • P = 8𝜸/R
  • P = 𝜸/R
  • P = 4𝜸/R
  • P = 2𝜸/R (correct)

    • What is the principle of diffusion?

    <p>Molecules move from higher to lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the most probable distance a molecule will travel?

    <p>D = λ√N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average distance between collisions in air?

    <p>10⁻⁷</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the number of collisions in diffusion?

    <p>Temperature and speed of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that respiration depends on?

    <p>Volume of alveolar ventilation and volume of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia in the trachea?

    <p>To move the mucus and trapped foreign matter to the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bronchioles?

    <p>To supply air to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times do the bronchi divide to form bronchioles?

    <p>15 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average diameter of an alveolus?

    <p>0.2mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wall thickness of an alveolus?

    <p>0.4μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of alveoli at birth?

    <p>30 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of alveoli beyond the age of 8?

    <p>It stays relatively constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average peak blood pressure in the main pulmonary artery?

    <p>20mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for air to flow into the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>There is a decrease in air pressure in the alveoli below atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the surfactant fluid in the alveoli?

    <p>To decrease the surface tension of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

    <p>It increases in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of airflow during inspiration?

    <p>From the atmosphere to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxing during expiration?

    <p>The air pressure in the lungs increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Laplace law of surface tension in the context of the alveoli?

    <p>To describe the natural tendency of the alveoli to get smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical pressure difference required for air to flow into or out of the lungs of a healthy individual?

    <p>A few centimeters of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical description of the alveoli?

    <p>Millions of small interconnected bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases in a container according to Dalton's Law of partial pressures?

    <p>The sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partial pressure of water vapor in the lungs at 37°C and 100% relative humidity?

    <p>47 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of O2 in the alveolar air?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the mixture of gases in the alveoli and ordinary air?

    <p>The mixture of gases in the alveoli is different from the mixture in ordinary air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Henry's Law related to?

    <p>The solubility of gases in liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much O2 will 1 liter of blood plasma hold at a PO2 of 100 mmHg?

    <p>2.5 cm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a molecule of O2 diffuse faster than a molecule of CO2 across the alveolar wall?

    <p>Because of its smaller mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much more oxygen do working muscles obtain compared to when they are at rest?

    <p>10 times more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the PCO2, pH, and temperature in working muscles?

    <p>They increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning on the body?

    <p>It prevents sufficient oxygen association with hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How strongly do carbon monoxide molecules bind to hemoglobin compared to oxygen molecules?

    <p>250 times more strongly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a solvent moves from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating osmotic pressure?

    <p>PV = nRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and the concentration of the solute?

    <p>Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the universal gas constant R?

    <p>J/mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The trachea is covered with a ciliated mucous membrane, which helps to move mucus and trapped foreign matter to the pharynx.
    • The trachea divides into two cartilage-ringed tubes called bronchi, which enter the lungs and spread into treelike smaller tubes called bronchial tubes.
    • Each bronchus divides and redivides about 15 times, resulting in thinner walls with less cartilage, eventually becoming a tiny group of tubes called bronchioles.

    Bronchioles and Alveoli

    • Bronchioles supply air to millions of small sacs called alveoli.
    • Alveoli are small, interconnected bubbles, approximately 0.2mm in diameter, with a wall thickness of only 0.4μm.
    • At birth, lungs have about 30 million alveoli, which increase to about 300 million by age 8, and then remain relatively constant, but increase in diameter.
    • Alveoli play a crucial role in breathing, expanding and contracting during breathing, and facilitating the exchange of O2 and CO2.

    Interaction of Blood and Lungs

    • Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs under relatively low pressure, with an average peak blood pressure of about 20mmHg in the main pulmonary artery.
    • The lungs offer little resistance to the flow of blood.
    • Two general processes are involved in gas exchange in the lungs: ventilation (getting air to the alveolar surface) and perfusion (supplying blood to the alveoli).

    Pressure-Airflow-Volume Relationships of the Lungs

    • Breathing consists of two phases: inspiration and expiration.
    • During inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, and the intercostal muscles pull the ribs up, expanding the rib cage and further increasing the volume.
    • This increase in volume lowers the air pressure in the alveoli to below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs.
    • During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, returning the thoracic cavity to its original volume, and increasing the air pressure in the lungs, forcing air out.

    Physics of the Alveoli

    • The alveoli are physically like millions of small interconnected bubbles, with a natural tendency to get smaller due to surface tension.
    • The surface tension of the alveoli is decreased by the presence of surfactant, a unique fluid lining the internal surface of the alveoli.
    • The pressure difference needed to cause air to flow into or out of the lungs is quite small, with a pressure difference of only a few centimeters of water for normal individuals.

    Laws of Gases

    • The law of diffusion states that molecules diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until the concentration becomes uniform in the two regions.
    • The law of diffusion applies to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and pulmonary capillaries.
    • Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases in a container is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
    • Henry's law of solubility of gases states that the amount of a gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.

    Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

    • CO poisoning results in the dissociation of insufficient O2 from Hb for generating energy in body tissues, since it prevents the association of sufficient O2 with Hb in breathing.
    • CO molecules attach very securely to Hb, occupying the places normally occupied by O2, and do not easily dissociate in the tissue.
    • CO impedes both the dissociation of sufficient O2 from Hb in the oxidation process and the association of sufficient O2 with Hb in the oxygenation process.

    Osmosis

    • Osmosis is the passage of water from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
    • Osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration of the solute, inversely proportional to the volume of the solution, and proportional to the absolute temperature.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the respiratory system, including the trachea, bronchi, and nasal passages.

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