Chapter 6 Part 2 Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What sound is associated with an upper airway obstruction?

  • Ronchi
  • Wheezing
  • Stridor (correct)
  • Gurgling

    • What is the primary characteristic of gurgling sounds in emergency medical scenarios?

  • A loud snoring sound during sleep
  • A cracking noise from pulmonary edema
  • A wheezing noise caused by asthma
  • A bubbling noise indicating a fluid-type airway obstruction (correct)

    • Which of the following describes the sound produced by excess mucus in the bronchi?

  • Stridor
  • Ronchi (correct)
  • Rales
  • Absent sounds

    • What condition can create absent or diminished lung sounds during auscultation?

    <p>Fluid building around the lung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates that a patient is experiencing respiratory distress?

    <p>Use of accessory muscles during breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order in which air travels through the respiratory system from inhalation to gas exchange?

    <p>Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects the airway at the anterior side of the neck?

    <p>Thyroid and cricoid cartilages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components make up the upper airway?

    <p>Pharynx, nasal passages, and larynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does external respiration occur in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes are present in the right lung compared to the left lung?

    <p>3 lobes in the right lung, 2 in the left (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pleural space in the respiratory system?

    <p>Allows smooth movement of lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>It contracts and pulls down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes exhalation from inhalation in terms of muscle activity?

    <p>Exhalation is a passive process involving muscle relaxation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily involved in normal breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm and intercostal muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the airway of a child differ from that of an adult?

    <p>Children's airways are more easily obstructed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

    <p>Ventilation is the physical movement of gas, while respiration is gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does external respiration primarily take place?

    <p>In the alveoli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accessory muscles play during breathing?

    <p>They assist when breathing is labored. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of air constitutes oxygen that we breathe in?

    <p>21% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body's response to struggle during breathing manifest visibly?

    <p>Labored breathing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is located below the lungs and plays a crucial role in breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the body?

    <p>To detect increases in carbon dioxide levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be considered a normal respiration rate for an adult?

    <p>12 to 20 breaths per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breathing pattern is characterized by increasing rates and depths followed by periods of apnea?

    <p>Cheyne-Stokes Breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Kussmaul's respirations?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the quality of breathing that is considered ideal?

    <p>Quiet breaths with good chest expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors primarily located?

    <p>In the carotid arteries and aortic arch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an abnormal breathing pattern that is irregular and characterized by varying rates and depths?

    <p>Ataxic Rhythm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breathing sounds is typically associated with bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Apneustic pattern refer to in breathing?

    <p>Prolonged periods of ventilation with large gaps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method to determine the quality of breathing?

    <p>Listening for wheezing sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strider is characterized by a high-pitched, crowing sound indicating an upper airway obstruction.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rales is primarily described as a sound resembling the bubbling of a liquid.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tachypnea refers to a slow breathing rate that occurs in respiratory distress.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of gurgling sounds often triggers the need to clear the airway immediately.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanosis, which results in a blue discoloration of the skin, is usually an early sign of respiratory distress.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory system consists of one airway referred to as the upper airway.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiglottis is a structure that helps protect the trachea during swallowing.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs contain four lobes, two on the right and two on the left.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange takes place in the bronchioles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the lower airway is to filter air and facilitate gas exchange.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External respiration occurs where the circulatory system and respiratory system intersect.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid cartilage is located at the back of the mouth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air that passes through the trachea is referred to as dead space.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide constitutes about 4 to 5 percent of the air we exhale.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kussmaul's respirations are characterized by slow and shallow breathing.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal respiratory rate for adults is between 12 and 20 breaths per minute.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apnea refers to a condition where a person breathes rapidly and deeply.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral chemoreceptors primarily detect low levels of oxygen in the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shane Stokes breathing consists of periods of hyperventilation followed by apnea.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The depth of breathing should be shallow and inconsistent for optimal respiration.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central chemoreceptors are primarily located in the lungs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperventilation syndromes can be associated with increasing intracranial pressure.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quiet breathing is considered a positive indicator of respiratory function.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation is an active process that requires the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is an active process that involves the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults have a higher risk of airway obstruction compared to children due to their larger airways.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cricoid cartilage is more developed and rigid in adults than in children, providing better airway protection.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventilation and respiration refer to the same process of gas exchange in the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External respiration takes place within the alveoli of the lungs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal respiration occurs when gases are exchanged between the bloodstream and the cells of the body.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average adult breathes in approximately 1 liter of air with each inhalation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessory muscles are activated when a person is breathing normally and effortlessly.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, the diaphragm moves upward and the ribs move downward and inward.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Respiratory System's Main Function

    The main purpose of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange, bringing in oxygen (O2) through inhalation and expelling carbon dioxide (CO2) through exhalation.

    Upper vs. Lower Airway

    The upper airway is an initial passageway, preparing the air for the lungs by warming, filtering, and humidifying it. The lower airway, deeper in the respiratory system, handles the critical task of gas exchange, with increasing sterility as it descends.

    Pharynx's Parts

    The pharynx is a part of the upper airway with three sections: The nasopharynx, located at the back of the nose and the throat, contains the tonsils and eustachian tubes. The oropharynx, at the back of the mouth, houses the tongue. Finally, the laryngopharynx, the lowest section, includes the epiglottis and vocal cords.

    Epiglottis Function

    The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and drink from entering the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing. It acts like a lid, closing off the airway and diverting food into the esophagus.

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    Larynx and Vocal Cords

    The larynx, also known as the voice box, is located in the laryngeal pharynx. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate when air passes through, producing sound for speech.

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    Trachea

    The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that transports inhaled air from the larynx to the lungs. It's a key part of the lower airway.

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    Bronchi and Bronchioles

    The bronchi are the two main branches off the trachea. They further split into smaller air passages, called bronchioles, leading to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

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    Alveoli and Gas Exchange

    The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles, where the respiratory system meets the circulatory system. Gas exchange happens here, oxygen entering the blood and carbon dioxide leaving the blood.

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    Inhalation

    The process of taking air into the lungs.

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    Exhalation

    The process of expelling air from the lungs.

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    Primary Muscles of Breathing

    Muscles that assist with breathing during normal respiration.

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    Accessory Muscles

    Muscles that assist with breathing when the body is struggling to breathe.

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    Ventilation

    The physical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

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    Respiration

    The exchange of gases between the body and the environment.

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    External Respiration

    The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the bloodstream.

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    Internal Respiration

    The exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the body's cells.

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    Cricoid Cartilage

    The ring of cartilage that protects the trachea.

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    Alveoli

    The small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Stridor

    A high-pitched, crowing sound, often heard in patients with an upper airway obstruction.

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    Gurgling

    A bubbling sound heard in the chest, typically caused by fluid in the airway, such as blood, vomit, or other liquids. Often requires suctioning or gravity to clear.

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    Rales

    A fine, crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs, often caused by fluid in the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

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    Rhonchi

    A coarse, bubbling sound, usually caused by an excessive buildup of mucus in the bronchi. Can be cleared by coughing up the mucus.

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    Diminished or Absent Lung Sounds

    A decrease or absence of breath sounds during auscultation of the lungs, often caused by a blockage or collapse of the lung tissue.

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    Eupnea

    Normal breathing pattern for adults, characterized by even and consistent breaths, occurring every 5-6 seconds.

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    Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

    An abnormal breathing pattern marked by increasing rate and depth, followed by periods of no breathing (apnea).

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    Kussmaul's Respirations

    Fast and deep breaths typically seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

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    Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation

    Rapid and shallow breaths occurring in patients with head injuries, especially those with increased intracranial pressure.

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    Ataxic Respiration

    Uneven breathing pattern with inconsistent rate and depth.

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    Apnea

    No breathing at all.

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    Agonal Breathing

    Gasping breaths, often a sign of a dying patient.

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    Apneustic Breathing

    Breathing pattern of long periods of ventilation followed by significant pauses.

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    Wheezing

    A whistling sound during breathing, often caused by narrowed airways.

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    Upper Airway

    This is the initial air passageway that prepares air for the lungs by warming, filtering, and humidifying it.

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    Nasopharynx

    Located at the back of the nose and throat, this part contains important structures like tonsils and the eustachian tubes.

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    Oropharynx

    Located at the back of the mouth, this space houses the tongue and is responsible for carrying air from the mouth to the lower airway.

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    Laryngopharynx

    The lowest part of the pharynx, this space contains crucial structures like the epiglottis and vocal cords, which help protect the airway and produce sound.

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    Epiglottis

    This leaf-shaped structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea during swallowing, ensuring the airway remains clear.

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    Bronchioles

    These are the tinier air passages in the respiratory system that extend from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

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    Off-gassing

    The process of removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body through exhalation.

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    Ketoacidosis

    A state of acidosis, characterized by a high level of acid or low level of base in the blood, often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

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    Central Chemoreceptors

    Specialized sensors located in the brainstem that detect increases in carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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    Peripheral Chemoreceptors

    Sensors located in the carotid arteries and aorta that detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.

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    Audible Breath Sounds

    Audible breath sounds that can be heard without a stethoscope, typically associated with airway obstruction.

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    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology

    • Purpose: Gas exchange; inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide.
    • Division: Upper and lower airways.

    Upper Airway

    • Function: Warms, filters, and humidifies inhaled air.
    • Pharynx: Tube-like structure in the throat.
      • Nasopharynx: Upper portion; contains tonsils and eustachian tubes.
      • Oropharynx: Back of the mouth; contains the tongue.
      • Laryngopharynx: Contains epiglottis and vocal cords.
    • Epiglottis: Leaf-shaped cartilage that closes over the trachea during swallowing. Protects the airway.
    • Vocal cords: In the larynx; produce sounds when air passes through.
    • Larynx: Voice box; contains vocal cords and epiglottis.
    • Thyroid and cricoid cartilage: Protective bony structures in the neck. Provide structural support and protection to the airway.

    Lower Airway

    • Function: Filters air and is responsible for gas exchange.
    • Sterility: Sterility increases as the airways get smaller.
    • Trachea: Tube connecting larynx to lungs; dead space. Air passes through here.
    • Bronchi: Two major branches from the trachea. Carry air to the lungs.
    • Bronchioles: Smaller airway passages.
    • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs; the terminal portion of the lungs. Sites of external respiration.
      • External Respiration: Gas exchange between the air and blood.
    • Lungs: Lobed structures; three on the right, two on the left. Critical for gas exchange.
    • Pleura: Membrane lining the chest cavity.
      • Parietal pleura: Outer lining. Attaches to the chest wall.
      • Visceral pleura: Inner lining. Covers the lungs. Negative pressure created by fluid in the space between these pleura allows the lungs to expand and contract.

    Respiration (Gas Exchange)

    • Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
      • Adult tidal volume: Approximately 500 mL. Amount of air moved in and out with each breath.
    • Respiration: Exchange of gases, diffusion.
      • External Respiration: Exchange between alveoli and blood (in the lungs).
      • Internal Respiration: Exchange between blood and body tissues (in the cells).

    Breathing Composition

    • Inhaled Air: Primarily nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), water (0.5%), carbon dioxide (0.04%).
    • Exhaled Air: More carbon dioxide (4-5%), less oxygen (16%).

    Respiratory Control

    • Central Chemoreceptors: In the medulla oblongata; respond to increased carbon dioxide levels. Detect carbon dioxide.
    • Peripheral Chemoreceptors: In the carotid arteries and aorta; respond to decreased oxygen levels. Detect oxygen levels.

    Normal Breathing Patterns (Adults)

    • Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute.
    • Pattern: Regular rhythm (every 5-6 seconds).
    • Quality: Deep, easy breaths with good chest expansion. Quiet sounds.

    Abnormal Breathing

    • Cheyne-Stokes: Breathing rate and depth increase and decrease, with periods of no breathing.
    • Kussmaul: Rapid, deep breathing due to high blood sugar (in ketoacidosis). Body's attempt to manage excess acid.
    • Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation: Fast breathing; often due to head injury.
    • Ataxic: Irregular breathing with varying rate and depth.
    • Apnea: No breathing.
    • Agonal: Gasping breaths.
    • Apneustic: Prolonged periods of breathing with large gaps.

    Breathing Sounds

    • Wheezing: Whistling sound; caused by airway constriction (e.g., asthma).
    • Stridor: High-pitched, crowing sound; caused by upper airway obstruction.
    • Snoring: Upper airway partially blocked, often during sleep.
    • Gurgling: Bubbling sound; caused by fluid in the airway (e.g., blood, vomit).
    • Rales: Fine crackling sounds; caused by fluid in the lungs (e.g., pulmonary edema).
    • Rhonchi: Course, bubbling sounds; caused by mucus in the airways.
    • Absent/Diminished: Reduced or absent breath sounds; potentially caused by air/fluid buildup in the pleural space.

    Respiratory Distress Signs

    • Restlessness, anxiety: May indicate low oxygen levels.
    • Fast breathing (tachypnea), fast heart rate (tachycardia).
    • Accessory muscle use: Neck, shoulder, and abdominal muscles used for breathing. Sign of respiratory distress.
    • Skin changes (pale, cyanotic).
      • Pale (early sign)
      • Cyanosis (late sign)
    • Upright posture with hand support (tripoding).
    • Speech difficulties.
    • Abnormal breathing sounds/patterns.
    • Children's anatomy: May have smaller airways, less developed and rigid cricoid cartilages compared to adults. This makes them more susceptible to obstructions.

    Emergency Management

    • Respiratory distress requires immediate attention.
    • Activating ALS or transport to a hospital may be necessary.

    Child vs. Adult Respiratory Differences

    • Smaller airways: Children's airways are more easily obstructed.
    • Less rigid cricoid cartilage: Provides less airway protection and structural support.
    • Differing normal rates: Children and infants have a higher typical breathing rate.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, focusing on gas exchange, upper and lower airways. Explore the functions of the pharynx, epiglottis, vocal cords, and the significance of the trachea in respiratory health.

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