Respiratory System Anatomy and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the respiratory system?

  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Digestion of food
  • Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Transmission of nerve impulses

    • Which structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?

  • Nose and paranasal sinuses (correct)
  • Lungs and bronchi
  • Alveoli and diaphragm
  • Trachea and larynx

    • What role do cells associated with the respiratory mucosa primarily play?

  • Provide structural support
  • Secrete mucus and trap particles (correct)
  • Facilitate gas exchange
  • Absorb nutrients

    • Which of the following structures is part of the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the diaphragm located in relation to the respiratory system?

    <p>Below the rib cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the structural organization of the rib cage?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pleura in the respiratory system?

    <p>It serves as a protective covering of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the intercostal muscles?

    <p>They assist in the process of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the mucosa in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To support the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary change occurs in the lamina propria during rhinitis?

    <p>It becomes edematous and infiltrated with inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cigarette smoking have on the respiratory tract?

    <p>Inhibits ciliary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the upper respiratory tract is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Enlarged tongue or tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the lining of the sinuses?

    <p>Sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the oropharynx?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of rhinitis?

    <p>Excessive secretion from goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the believed roles of the nasal fossa/cavities?

    <p>Decrease weight of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the nasal fossa and paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sinuses is NOT one of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Palatine sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Fat deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do mucous goblet cells serve in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Secrete mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply the breast and anterior chest wall?

    <p>Internal thoracic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the mucociliary escalator?

    <p>Move mucus towards the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are true ribs numbered?

    <p>T1-T7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are known to act as stem cells in the airway epithelium?

    <p>Basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of severe pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavities?

    <p>By direct openings into the nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures drain lymph from the lungs?

    <p>Tracheobronchial nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a floating rib?

    <p>Rib that does not connect to the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of small granule cells in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Secretion of antimicrobial substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bronchial arteries play in the body?

    <p>Supply oxygenated blood to lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a function of the thoracic bony cage?

    <p>Facilitates digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pneumocyte I cells?

    <p>Facilitating gaseous diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the bronchial structure correctly?

    <p>Primary bronchi branch into lobar bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surfactant play in the respiratory system?

    <p>Prevents alveolar collapse during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Constriction of bronchial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial cells are primarily responsible for producing surfactant?

    <p>Type II pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily involved in gaseous exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alveolar walls during pneumonia?

    <p>They thicken due to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Engulfing microbes, debris, and cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Understand the overall functions of the respiratory system.
    • Identify anatomical organization of the upper (nose, sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx) and lower (larynx to alveoli) respiratory tracts.
    • Recognize the functions of respiratory system-associated cells and mucosa.
    • Comprehend the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the respiratory context.
    • List structures of the rib cage and anatomical organization of pleura, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and rib cage.

    Upper Respiratory Tract

    • Nasal cavities serve multiple roles: reduce skull weight, enhance voice resonance, insulate temperature, and condition inspired air through humidification.
    • Paranasal sinuses are ciliated and mucus-secreting, innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve, including frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

    Respiratory Epithelium

    • Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells and mucous goblet cells involved in mucus production.
    • Brush cells detect irritants; basal cells act as stem cells for airway epithelium renewal.
    • The mucosa includes epithelium, lamina propria, mucosal glands, and vessels.

    Mucociliary Escalator

    • Cilia beat to shift mucus upwards towards the pharynx while filtering in nasal cavities.

    Pathologies

    • Rhinitis: Characterized by excessive secretion and narrowing of nasal cavities, leading to an edematous lamina propria.
    • Sinusitis: Inflammation of sinus tissue, causing blockage and swelling.
    • Cigarette smoking hampers ciliary function, leading to increased coughing to clear airway mucus.

    Pharynx Anatomy

    • The pharynx is a musculofascial passage connecting oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus, divided into nasopharynx (pseudostratified columnar epithelium) and oropharynx/laryngopharynx (stratified squamous epithelium).

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • The bronchial tree begins with primary bronchi, branching into lobar bronchi (3 on the right, 2 on the left) and further into segmental bronchi and bronchioles.
    • Alveoli facilitate gas exchange wrapped with capillaries and lined with simple squamous epithelium (type I and type II pneumocytes).
    • Type I pneumocytes function in gas diffusion, while type II pneumocytes produce surfactant to reduce surface tension.

    Pulmonary Pathology

    • Pulmonary Embolism: Caused by blood clots dislodging and blocking lung blood supply; symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain.
    • Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results from the obstruction of the airway due to over-relaxed pharyngeal muscles, potentially caused by enlarged tonsils or obesity.

    Structural Components

    • Rib cage: Composed of 12 ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles, and costal cartilage.
    • True ribs (T1-T7) connect directly to the sternum, false ribs (T8-T12) share cartilage connections, while floating ribs (T11-T12) lack such connections.

    Lymphatic System

    • Lung lymphatics drain into tracheobronchial nodes along bronchi and pulmonary vessels, leading through the hilum to the posterior mediastinum and parasternal nodes.

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    Related Documents

    Respiratory System Lecture LSM2212 PDF

    Description

    This quiz tests your understanding of the human respiratory system, covering both the upper and lower tracts. You will explore their anatomical organization, functional roles, and associated cells. Prepare to identify key structures and their significance in respiration.

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