Respiratory System Anatomy and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process involves the biochemical processes that generate energy, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation?

  • Mechanical respiration
  • Cellular respiration (correct)
  • Exhalation of air
  • Gas exchange

    • What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

  • Inhalation of air
  • Move air and allow for gas exchange
  • Secrete watery secretions to moisten the air
  • Conduct, warm & humidify air; also site of olfaction; vocalization (correct)

    • Which cells secrete mucous but do not help much with moistening the air?

  • Goblet cells (correct)
  • Intrapulmonary bronchus cells
  • RBCs
  • Serous gland cells

    • What is the main function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Conduct, warm &amp; humidify air; also site of olfaction; vocalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells replace mucous cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Clara cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type II pneumocytes in the alveoli?

    <p>Secreting surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the air-blood barrier in the alveoli?

    <p>Type I pneumocytes, fused basement membrane, and capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of resident macrophages in healthy alveoli?

    <p>Scavenge for foreign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the height of epithelial cells as the airways progress?

    <p>Decreases from pseudostratified to simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of goblet cells from the trachea to bronchioles?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Conducting, filtering, humidifying, warming air, and olfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

    <p>Respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the exchange portion of the respiratory tract begin?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Provide increased surface area for humidification of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nasal mucosa?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells, supported by a vascular lamina propria with mucous and serous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Olfactory receptor cells, sustentacular cells, and basal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>They are lined by respiratory epithelium and provide increased surface for humidification of air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue lines the trachea?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are alveolar macrophages located?

    <p>In the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bronchial arteries?

    <p>To provide nutrients to the trachea and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the pulmonary connective tissue?

    <p>Reticulin, collagen, and elastin fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pleura in the respiratory system?

    <p>To line the lung and pleural cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

    <p>Simple columnar ciliated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells become predominant in distal respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Clara cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Type II pneumocytes?

    <p>Secrete surfactant and can differentiate into Type I pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the alveolar septum?

    <p>Central alveolar capillary and epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the macrophages located in the lungs?

    <p>Alveoli and connective tissue between alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neuroendocrine cells in bronchiolar epithelium?

    <p>Regulate smooth muscle tone in airway and vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for surfactant production and functioning as stem cells in the alveoli?

    <p>Type I pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lining of bronchioles?

    <p>Simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the air-blood barrier in the alveoli?

    <p>Attenuated cytoplasm of type I pneumocytes, fused basement membrane, and thin cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are found in terminal and respiratory bronchioles, functioning in surfactant production and as stem cells?

    <p>Clara cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lining of the trachea?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells and goblet cells containing mucigen granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for phagocytosing and removing unwanted material from the air spaces?

    <p>Alveolar macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acquired atelectasis?

    <p>Obstruction by mucus plug in bronchus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of emphysema?

    <p>Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release leukotriene B4, TNF, and IL‐8 in emphysema?

    <p>Epithelium and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of contraction atelectasis?

    <p>Local or generalized fibrotic changes in lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of compression atelectasis?

    <p>Accumulation of fluid, blood or air within pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by, in emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of their walls without fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for secreting inflammatory mediators and recruiting neutrophils in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of proteases in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significantly associated with emphysema?

    <p>Heavy cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

    <p>Acute injury to the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of alveolar sac and its expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a manifestation of severe acute lung injury?

    <p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is characterized by multifocal lesions randomly distributed in the lobes of the lungs?

    <p>Embolic pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of embolic pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Hepatic abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism can cause embolic pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes granulomatous pneumonia?

    <p>Activation of alveolar and interstitial macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases are common causes of granulomatous pneumonia?

    <p>Cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism caused granulomatous pneumonia in a foal?

    <p>Rhodococcus equi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asthma is associated with allergen sensitization and immune activation?

    <p>Atopic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells and their mediators promote inflammation and stimulate B cells in atopic asthma?

    <p>Th2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia involves patchy consolidation in more than one lung lobe?

    <p>Bronchopneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of inflammatory exudates that can occur in pneumonia?

    <p>Suppurative, fibrinous, granulomatous, embolic, and proliferative pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the acute phase of atopic asthma?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Regional consolidation of part or all of a lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fibrinous bronchopneumonia in animals?

    <p>Rapid fibrinous coating within 24-48 hours affecting the cranioventral portion of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of pneumonic Mannheimiosis in animals?

    <p>Necrotic interlobular septal areas and coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a cause of atypical pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other intracellular bacteria or viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes interstitial pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Inflammation localized to the alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute interstitial pneumonia from chronic interstitial pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Neutrophil infiltration of alveolar interstitium in acute, and fibrosis of alveolar walls in chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of interstitial pneumonia in animals?

    <p>Aerogenous or hematogenous agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Anatomy and Function

    • The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts, with the upper tract including the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, and larynx, while the lower tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
    • The nasal cavity has a respiratory region with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, mucous and serous glands, and an olfactory region with bipolar neurons and sustentacular cells for olfaction.
    • The paranasal sinuses are lined by respiratory epithelium and provide increased surface for humidification of air, but can also be a location of infections.
    • The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium and contains large masses of lymphoid tissue, providing immune surveillance at the portals of entry of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
    • The larynx, which connects the pharynx to the trachea, is lined by a combination of respiratory epithelium and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and contains vocal cords that vibrate as air passes between them to make sound.
    • The trachea, the beginning of the lower respiratory tract, is a continuously open, flexible tube of hyaline cartilage and fibroelastic tissue, with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and bands of smooth muscle.
    • The pulmonary components of the mononuclear phagocyte system include alveolar macrophages, which are located in alveoli and phagocytose and remove unwanted material from air spaces, and pulmonary interstitial macrophages, which are stationary in the connective tissue between alveoli.
    • The pulmonary blood vessels consist of pulmonary arteries that carry de-oxygenated blood from the right heart and give rise to alveolar capillaries involved in gas exchange, and bronchial arteries that supply thick-walled structures in the lung with oxygenated blood.
    • The pulmonary connective tissue contains reticulin, collagen, and elastin fibers, with a large amount of elastin in the alveolar walls, which is condensed at the opening of alveoli to form a supporting ring.
    • The pleura, which lines the lung and pleural cavities, consists of a thin flattened mesothelium supported by fibroelastic connective tissue, with the visceral pleura covering the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the thoracic wall.
    • The respiratory system is involved in two interrelated processes: cellular respiration, which involves the biochemical processes that generate energy, and mechanical respiration, which moves air and allows for gas exchange through inhalation, gas exchange, and exhalation.
    • Key resources for understanding the respiratory system anatomy and function include "Robbins Basic Pathology", "Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease", and "Wheater’s Functional Histology: A

    Respiratory Tract Anatomy and Histology

    • Trachea is lined by respiratory epithelium, composed of pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells and goblet cells containing mucigen granules
    • Submucosa of the trachea contains seromucous glands, with a decrease in number in lower parts of the trachea
    • Bronchi branch off from the trachea and undergo changes in diameter, cell height, goblet cell concentration, smooth muscle, cartilage, and submucosal glands as they progress into the lung
    • Bronchioles are airways with a diameter of less than 1 mm, lacking cartilage and submucosal glands, and are lined by simple ciliated columnar to cuboidal epithelium
    • Clara cells are present in terminal and respiratory bronchioles, functioning in surfactant production and as stem cells
    • Neuroendocrine cells in bronchioles contain peptide hormones that regulate smooth muscle tone
    • Terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles, which are interrupted by alveoli in their walls, marking the beginning of the gas exchange portion
    • Alveoli are lined by type I and II pneumocytes, with type II pneumocytes producing surfactant and functioning as stem cells
    • Type I pneumocytes form the majority of the alveolar surface and constitute the gas diffusion barrier
    • Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse and are abundant in granular eosinophilic cytoplasm containing lamellar bodies
    • The air-blood barrier consists of attenuated cytoplasm of type I pneumocytes, fused basement membrane, and thin cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cells
    • The pulmonary mononuclear phagocyte system includes alveolar macrophages and pulmonary interstitial macrophages, which phagocytose and remove unwanted material from the air spaces

    Bronchopneumonia and Interstitial Pneumonia in Animals

    • Bronchopneumonia in animals refers to an inflammatory process in the bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar lumens leading to consolidation, often caused by viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas.
    • The most common type of pneumonia in domestic animals is bronchopneumonia, characterized by cranioventral lung consolidation.
    • Cranioventral pneumonia in animals is due to the gravity effect, as this portion is reached more quickly during breathing.
    • Fibrinous bronchopneumonia in animals is characterized by fibrinous coating within 24-48 hours and affects the cranioventral portion of the lungs.
    • Pneumonic Mannheimiosis in animals results in necrotic interlobular septal areas, fibrin coating, and coagulative necrosis, with congested vessels and hemorrhages.
    • Atypical pneumonia in animals may not appear severe in X-rays but can have severe symptoms, often due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other intracellular bacteria or viruses.
    • Interstitial pneumonia in animals involves inflammation localized to the alveolar walls and can be caused by aerogenous or hematogenous agents.
    • Aerogenous agents for interstitial pneumonia in animals include inhaled toxic gases or pneumotropic viruses, while hematogenous agents include bacterial toxins or endotheliotropic viruses.
    • Acute interstitial pneumonia in animals includes neutrophil infiltration of alveolar interstitium, while chronic interstitial pneumonia involves fibrosis of alveolar walls and proliferation of type II pneumocytes.
    • Interstitial pneumonia in animals can result in edematous lungs with thickened interstitial and prominent costal imprints.
    • The text provides detailed pathological descriptions and images of various pneumonia types in animals, including bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia.
    • The text highlights the importance of understanding the different types and causes of pneumonia in animals for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the respiratory system anatomy and function with this quiz. Explore the upper and lower respiratory tracts, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, alveoli, pulmonary blood vessels, and pleura. Identify key structures and functions while delving into the processes of cellular and mechanical respiration.

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