Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the upper airway?
Which statement best describes ventilation?
What role does surfactant play in the lungs?
What is a characteristic symptom of hypoxia?
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Which of the following factors influences the diffusion of gases in the lungs?
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What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the body?
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Which breathing technique helps in reducing anxiety and increasing ventilation?
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In older adults, which physical change may contribute to respiratory compromise?
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Which diagnostic method is commonly used to assess pulmonary function?
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What potential complication can arise from keeping a chest tube's drainage bright red?
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What is the primary purpose of maintaining patency and integrity of the drainage system?
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Which of the following is a complication associated with mechanical ventilation?
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During nasotracheal suctioning, what should be done before inserting the catheter?
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What should be avoided to prevent static electricity during oxygen administration?
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What is hypercapnia?
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What is an essential action to take if a patient begins coughing or choking during suctioning?
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Which of the following is not a contraindication for suctioning?
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What should the collection device for drainage always be positioned relative to the patient?
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Which type of airway is not classified as an artificial airway?
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When should suction be applied during nasotracheal suctioning?
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The left lung has three lobes while the right lung has two.
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Oxygenated blood from the capillaries is involved in the process of perfusion.
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Surfactant in the lungs serves to increase surface tension between alveoli.
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Crackles are classified as continuous sounds heard primarily on inspiration.
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Positive airway pressure devices include CPAP and BiPAP machines.
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Hypoventilation is characterized by an increased rate of air movement into the lungs.
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The Eustachian tubes in children are elongated and less angular as they develop.
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Alveoli are small air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
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The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for controlling the contraction of heart muscles.
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Continuous sounds classified as wheezes occur primarily during expiration.
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Clamp the tubing to prevent positive pressure during drainage.
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Hypercapnia is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood.
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The tracheostomy tube is one type of artificial airway.
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The collection device for drainage should always be above the patient.
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Synthetic fabrics should be avoided in a patient's room to reduce the risk of static electricity.
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During nasotracheal suctioning, the catheter should be inserted straight into the nares.
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It is important to instruct the patient to swallow during nasotracheal suctioning.
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If a patient starts choking or coughing during suctioning, it indicates that suctioning is too shallow.
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Electrical equipment in a room with oxygen administration should be checked for good working order.
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Applying suction for more than 15 seconds during suctioning is recommended for effective clearance.
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Study Notes
Factors Essential to the Respiratory System
- Integrity of the airway system is crucial for air transport to and from the lungs.
- Alveolar system functions to oxygenate venous blood and remove carbon dioxide.
- Cardiovascular system must properly supply blood for nutrient and waste transport.
Upper Airway Functions and Components
- Warms, filters, and humidifies inspired air.
- Comprises nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.
Lower Airway/Tracheobronchial Tree
- Conducts air, facilitates mucociliary clearance, and produces pulmonary surfactant.
- Comprised of trachea, right and left mainstem bronchi, segmental bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.
Anatomy of the Lungs
- Main respiratory organs, extending from diaphragm base to above the first rib.
- Right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two.
- Composed of elastic tissue, including alveoli for gas exchange and surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse.
Respiratory Function
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Respiration: gas exchange between alveoli and blood in capillaries.
- Perfusion: oxygenated blood delivery to body tissues.
Gas Exchange and Diffusion Factors
- Gas exchange involves oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release via diffusion.
- Influenced by surface area, alveolar-capillary membrane thickness, partial pressure, and gas solubility.
Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Oxygen transported through plasma and red blood cells; 97% via oxyhemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide as carboxyhemoglobin.
Alterations in Respiratory Function
- Hypoxia indicates insufficient oxygen for cells.
- Dyspnea denotes difficulty in breathing.
- Hypoventilation involves reduced air movement into the lungs.
Cardiovascular System Role
- Critical for gas exchange; main organ is the heart, composed of upper atria and lower ventricles.
- Oxygen transportation primarily through red blood cells via hemoglobin.
Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
- Includes dysrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.
Influencing Factors for Cardiopulmonary Functioning
- Health status, developmental and medication considerations, lifestyle, environment, and psychological health.
Respiratory Changes in Infants
- Lungs transition from fluid-filled to air-filled post-birth; chest is small and airways short.
- Rapid respiratory rate (30-55 bpm) and predominant abdominal activity.
- Synthetic surfactant can aid in re-opening alveoli.
Respiratory Development in Children
- Chest wall fat deposition reduces landmark visibility.
- Eustachian tubes and airways elongate; incidence of colds decreases post-daycare/school entry.
Respiratory Function in Older Adults
- Prominent bony landmarks due to fat loss; increased kyphosis risk.
- Barrel chest deformity may arise; tissue rigidity impacts diaphragm efficiency.
- Heightened disease risk including pneumonia.
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory System
- Inspect for color (cyanosis, pallor), structural abnormalities, and changes in respiratory rate/rhythm.
- Palpate for tenderness, temperature, and expansion; percuss to assess lung density.
- Auscultate for breath sounds.
Normal and Abnormal Breath Sounds
- Normal: Vesicular (soft, low-pitch), Bronchial (high-pitch over trachea), Bronchovesicular (medium-pitch).
- Abnormal: Crackles (fluid in airways), Wheezes (airflow obstruction), signs of pulmonary edema with productive cough.
Common Diagnostic Methods
- Include electrocardiography, pulmonary function studies (spirometry, peak expiratory flow rate), capnography, thoracentesis, and blood gas studies.
Arterial Blood Gas Values
- Normal pH: 7.35-7.45, PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg, PO2: 80-100 mm Hg, HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L.
Values from Pulmonary Function Tests
- Measures tidal volume, vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, total lung capacity, residual volume, and peak expiratory flow rate.
Promoting Optimal Respiratory Function
- Encourage healthy lifestyle choices and vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcal, Covid-19).
- Educate on pollution avoidance, anxiety reduction, and nutrition maintenance.
Breathing Techniques
- Deep breathing, incentive spirometry use, pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing.
Medication Management
- Cough treatments include suppressants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and mucolytics.
Inhaled Medication Administration
- Utilize nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers for bronchodilator delivery.
Providing Supplemental Oxygen
- Source of oxygen, flow rate, and humidification critical; use nasal cannula, masks, or mechanical ventilation as needed while ensuring fire safety.
Managing Chest Tubes
- Assist with insertion/removal, monitor output, prevent kinks, and ensure the drainage system is unobstructed.
Precautions for Oxygen Administration
- Maintain fire safety standards, avoiding open flames and using proper fabrics, ensuring the room is electrically safe.
Types and Complications of Artificial Airways
- Include oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal, and tracheostomy tubes; monitor for decreased cardiac output and infections.
Nursing Skills for Respiratory Support
- Include tracheal suctioning, mechanical ventilator assistance, airway clearance, and CPR.
Nasotracheal Suctioning Preparation
- Ensure oxygen flow is increased and catheter insertion is performed correctly to avoid complications; monitor oxygen saturation post-suctioning.
Suctioning Considerations
- Identify indications and contraindications, ensure proper equipment, and address potential complications like respiratory distress.
Factors Essential to the Respiratory System
- Integrity of the airway system is crucial for air transport to and from the lungs.
- Alveolar system functions to oxygenate venous blood and remove carbon dioxide.
- Cardiovascular system must properly supply blood for nutrient and waste transport.
Upper Airway Functions and Components
- Warms, filters, and humidifies inspired air.
- Comprises nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.
Lower Airway/Tracheobronchial Tree
- Conducts air, facilitates mucociliary clearance, and produces pulmonary surfactant.
- Comprised of trachea, right and left mainstem bronchi, segmental bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.
Anatomy of the Lungs
- Main respiratory organs, extending from diaphragm base to above the first rib.
- Right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two.
- Composed of elastic tissue, including alveoli for gas exchange and surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse.
Respiratory Function
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Respiration: gas exchange between alveoli and blood in capillaries.
- Perfusion: oxygenated blood delivery to body tissues.
Gas Exchange and Diffusion Factors
- Gas exchange involves oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release via diffusion.
- Influenced by surface area, alveolar-capillary membrane thickness, partial pressure, and gas solubility.
Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Oxygen transported through plasma and red blood cells; 97% via oxyhemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide as carboxyhemoglobin.
Alterations in Respiratory Function
- Hypoxia indicates insufficient oxygen for cells.
- Dyspnea denotes difficulty in breathing.
- Hypoventilation involves reduced air movement into the lungs.
Cardiovascular System Role
- Critical for gas exchange; main organ is the heart, composed of upper atria and lower ventricles.
- Oxygen transportation primarily through red blood cells via hemoglobin.
Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
- Includes dysrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.
Influencing Factors for Cardiopulmonary Functioning
- Health status, developmental and medication considerations, lifestyle, environment, and psychological health.
Respiratory Changes in Infants
- Lungs transition from fluid-filled to air-filled post-birth; chest is small and airways short.
- Rapid respiratory rate (30-55 bpm) and predominant abdominal activity.
- Synthetic surfactant can aid in re-opening alveoli.
Respiratory Development in Children
- Chest wall fat deposition reduces landmark visibility.
- Eustachian tubes and airways elongate; incidence of colds decreases post-daycare/school entry.
Respiratory Function in Older Adults
- Prominent bony landmarks due to fat loss; increased kyphosis risk.
- Barrel chest deformity may arise; tissue rigidity impacts diaphragm efficiency.
- Heightened disease risk including pneumonia.
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory System
- Inspect for color (cyanosis, pallor), structural abnormalities, and changes in respiratory rate/rhythm.
- Palpate for tenderness, temperature, and expansion; percuss to assess lung density.
- Auscultate for breath sounds.
Normal and Abnormal Breath Sounds
- Normal: Vesicular (soft, low-pitch), Bronchial (high-pitch over trachea), Bronchovesicular (medium-pitch).
- Abnormal: Crackles (fluid in airways), Wheezes (airflow obstruction), signs of pulmonary edema with productive cough.
Common Diagnostic Methods
- Include electrocardiography, pulmonary function studies (spirometry, peak expiratory flow rate), capnography, thoracentesis, and blood gas studies.
Arterial Blood Gas Values
- Normal pH: 7.35-7.45, PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg, PO2: 80-100 mm Hg, HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L.
Values from Pulmonary Function Tests
- Measures tidal volume, vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, total lung capacity, residual volume, and peak expiratory flow rate.
Promoting Optimal Respiratory Function
- Encourage healthy lifestyle choices and vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcal, Covid-19).
- Educate on pollution avoidance, anxiety reduction, and nutrition maintenance.
Breathing Techniques
- Deep breathing, incentive spirometry use, pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing.
Medication Management
- Cough treatments include suppressants, expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and mucolytics.
Inhaled Medication Administration
- Utilize nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers for bronchodilator delivery.
Providing Supplemental Oxygen
- Source of oxygen, flow rate, and humidification critical; use nasal cannula, masks, or mechanical ventilation as needed while ensuring fire safety.
Managing Chest Tubes
- Assist with insertion/removal, monitor output, prevent kinks, and ensure the drainage system is unobstructed.
Precautions for Oxygen Administration
- Maintain fire safety standards, avoiding open flames and using proper fabrics, ensuring the room is electrically safe.
Types and Complications of Artificial Airways
- Include oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal, and tracheostomy tubes; monitor for decreased cardiac output and infections.
Nursing Skills for Respiratory Support
- Include tracheal suctioning, mechanical ventilator assistance, airway clearance, and CPR.
Nasotracheal Suctioning Preparation
- Ensure oxygen flow is increased and catheter insertion is performed correctly to avoid complications; monitor oxygen saturation post-suctioning.
Suctioning Considerations
- Identify indications and contraindications, ensure proper equipment, and address potential complications like respiratory distress.
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Description
Explore the critical components and functions of the respiratory system in this quiz. Covering everything from the airway integrity to the anatomy of the lungs, you'll learn how these systems work together for effective gas exchange and ventilation. Test your knowledge of respiratory anatomy and physiology.
