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Questions and Answers
What does a plethoric complexion typically indicate?
What does a plethoric complexion typically indicate?
Ptosis or drooping eyelids can be a sign of which syndrome?
Ptosis or drooping eyelids can be a sign of which syndrome?
What condition is associated with miosis or constricted pupils?
What condition is associated with miosis or constricted pupils?
Conjunctival pallor in the lower lid is often an indication of what underlying condition?
Conjunctival pallor in the lower lid is often an indication of what underlying condition?
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Central cyanosis, characterized by a bluish coloration of the lips and tongue, indicates what?
Central cyanosis, characterized by a bluish coloration of the lips and tongue, indicates what?
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What medical condition is commonly associated with a productive cough?
What medical condition is commonly associated with a productive cough?
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Which signs indicate shortness of breath?
Which signs indicate shortness of breath?
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What does finger clubbing typically indicate?
What does finger clubbing typically indicate?
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Identify a symptom typical of high-pitched breath sounds.
Identify a symptom typical of high-pitched breath sounds.
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What does cyanosis indicate?
What does cyanosis indicate?
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Which condition could lead to asterixis?
Which condition could lead to asterixis?
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What causes oedema related to right ventricular failure?
What causes oedema related to right ventricular failure?
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What behavior is indicated by tar staining on hands?
What behavior is indicated by tar staining on hands?
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Which condition is associated with a dry cough?
Which condition is associated with a dry cough?
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What is a common cause of a wheeze?
What is a common cause of a wheeze?
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What defines pectus carinatum?
What defines pectus carinatum?
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What sign is indicative of tachycardia in the arms?
What sign is indicative of tachycardia in the arms?
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Which lymph nodes are located under the bend of the jaw?
Which lymph nodes are located under the bend of the jaw?
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What can cause displacement of the apex beat in chest palpation?
What can cause displacement of the apex beat in chest palpation?
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What condition might cause inward movement of the abdomen during inspiration?
What condition might cause inward movement of the abdomen during inspiration?
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Which area consists of five points in percussion and auscultation during examination of the back?
Which area consists of five points in percussion and auscultation during examination of the back?
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What is the characteristic symptom of cor pulmonale as observed in the legs?
What is the characteristic symptom of cor pulmonale as observed in the legs?
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What condition is indicated by a bluish discoloration of the skin?
What condition is indicated by a bluish discoloration of the skin?
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Which of the following causes an enlarged right ventricle and can lead to leg edema?
Which of the following causes an enlarged right ventricle and can lead to leg edema?
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Where is the trachea ideally positioned in the neck?
Where is the trachea ideally positioned in the neck?
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Which type of chest expansion indicates reduced movement?
Which type of chest expansion indicates reduced movement?
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What does periauricular lymph nodes refer to?
What does periauricular lymph nodes refer to?
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What should be observed during percussion of the abdomen?
What should be observed during percussion of the abdomen?
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What is a common effect of pectus excavatum on health?
What is a common effect of pectus excavatum on health?
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Study Notes
General Impression
- A productive cough may indicate pneumonia, bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- A dry cough may indicate asthma or interstitial lung disease.
- Wheezing can be a symptom of asthma, COPD, or bronchiectasis.
- Stridor, a high-pitched breathing sound, indicates narrowed upper airways.
- Shortness of breath can manifest as nasal flaring, pursed lips, accessory muscle use, and a tripod position.
- Cyanosis, or bluish discoloration, indicates poor circulation, potentially due to hypovolemia, inadequate oxygenation , or right-to-left cardiac shunting.
- Cachexia, extreme muscle loss, may indicate an underlying malignancy.
- Oedema, or swelling, is a potential sign of right ventricular failure.
Hands
- Tar staining on the hands indicates smoking habits, which increase the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and respiratory pathology.
- Finger clubbing, where knuckles and nails appear rounded and swollen, is a sign of respiratory disease in approximately 80% of cases.
- Asterixis, a flapping tremor where the hands fall forward when outstretched, suggests severe carbon dioxide (CO2) retention due to severe COPD.
Face
- A plethoric complexion, or redness, may indicate COPD and CO2 retention.
- Ptosis, or drooping eyelids, is a sign of Horner’s syndrome associated with apical lung carcinoma
- Miosis, or constricting pupils, is also seen with Horner's syndrome and apical lung carcinoma.
- Conjunctival pallor, or whiteness in the lower eyelid, indicates underlying anaemia.
- Oral candidiasis, or thrush, is a sign of immunosuppression.
- Central cyanosis, characterized by a bluish tint in the lips and tongue, suggests severe hypoxemia, pneumonia, COPD, or pulmonary embolism.
Neck
- The trachea should be positioned centrally.
- Lymph nodes should be assessed in different areas: periauricular (front of ear), parotid (under earlobe), submandibular (under bend of jaw), submental (under jaw), anterior chain (in line with the ear on the neck), and posterior chain (in line with the hair).
Arms
- A rapid pulse rate, or tachycardia, is a serious symptom of asthma and often accompanies dyspnea or hypoxia.
Chest
- Pectus carinatum, or a proud chest, also known as pigeon chest.
- Pectus excavatum, a sunken chest, can interfere with heart and lung function.
- Chest Palpation
- Apex beat: Located in the fifth intercostal space (base of the heart), displacement can occur due to ventricular hypertrophy from COPD, pulmonary hypertension, large pleural effusion, or tension pneumothorax.
- Chest expansion: Observing the movement of the thumbs on the chest, reduced movement indicates reduced expansion.
- Percussion and auscultation: Assess 12 points from the clavicle to under the chest.
Abdomen
- Hepatomegaly, or enlargement of the liver, can be caused by tricuspid regurgitation or ptosis.
- Inward movement of the abdomen during inspiration may indicate diaphragmatic paralysis.
Back
- Check for scars and deformities.
- Assess for sacral oedema.
- Assess posterior expansion by observing the movement of the thumbs during breathing.
- Percussion and auscultation: Check 5 points around the scapula.
Legs
- Oedema, or swelling in the legs, can be caused by cor pulmonale, which is an enlarged right ventricle as a result of a lung condition.
- Cyanosis, or bluish discoloration, can be caused by hypothermia or hypoxia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various respiratory symptoms and their implications in this quiz. Learn about conditions like pneumonia, asthma, and the significance of signs like wheezing and cyanosis. Deepen your understanding of how these symptoms relate to respiratory health and disease.
