Respiratory Response to Increased CO2 Levels Quiz

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What effect does an increase in CO2 have on ventilation?

Has no effect on ventilation

Increases ventilation (correct)

Decreases ventilation

Stops ventilation

How does the response to increased CO2 change when the subject is asleep?

The response remains the same

The response is potentiated

The response stops

The response decreases (correct)

What happens to ventilation when CO2 levels drop below normal during sleep?

Ventilation decreases

Ventilation increases significantly

Ventilation remains the same

Ventilation stops (correct)

What stimulates a dramatic increase in ventilation when CO2 levels rise in the alveolar space?

Hypercapnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypoxia on ventilation?

Increases ventilation Signup and view all the answers

How do we know that central chemoreceptors exist?

Because they sense CO2 changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the pKa value for Kir4.1?

6.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is highlighted by orange areas as responding to focal acidification?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

At what pH level does half inhibition occur for Kir2.3?

6.77 Signup and view all the answers

Which site has been identified as a central chemoreceptor based on C-fos expression after exposure to high CO2 levels?

Ventrolateral medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hill coefficient value for Kir1.1?

3.5 Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area plays a critical role in rhythm generation and central chemoreception?

PreBötzinger Complex Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible mechanisms for central chemoreception mentioned in the text?

Release of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins detect pH changes and alter neuronal excitability?

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TASK channels in response to pH changes according to the text?

Conduct ions based on pH levels Signup and view all the answers

Which protein subtype is mentioned as a pH-sensitive membrane ion transport protein in the text?

Na+/H+ exchange protein subtype 3 Signup and view all the answers

How do inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir) contribute to cellular excitability according to the text?

Regulating membrane potential based on CO2/pH levels Signup and view all the answers

In what type of studies were Kir2.3 currents recorded as per the text?

In-situ hybridization studies Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'CO2 response' refer to in the context of the text?

The absolute value of variables in 7% CO2 minus that in air Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IgG-SAP injections on the 'CO2 response' of ventilation according to the text?

No significant effect on ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the similarity of CO2 responses in NREM sleep and wakefulness?

RTN is a central chemoreceptor Signup and view all the answers

What does TPND represent in relation to CO2-activated neurons in-vivo?

Threshold for phrenic nerve discharge Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of acidifying RTN neurons during in-vivo recording as mentioned in the text?

To monitor cellular activity Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter do CO2-sensitive RTN neurons contain?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What type of response was observed in the XII motor output when CO2-acidified aCSF was microinjected into the NRo?

Increase Signup and view all the answers

In which region were CO2-sensitive serotonergic neurons found in the in-vitro slice preparations?

Raphe nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What method is mentioned as a powerful one for identifying central chemoreceptors in-vivo?

Focal acidification Signup and view all the answers

Where is the control region where CO2-acidified aCSF was microinjected in the lateral tegmental field?

Near PBC Signup and view all the answers

What did Richerson et al. find regarding the CO2 sensitivity of serotonergic neurons in-vitro?

5-HT cells were central chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which area showed no relevant response when CO2-acidified aCSF was microinjected according to the provided information?

XII motor nuclei Signup and view all the answers