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Questions and Answers
Which gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood?
Which gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood?
- PO2 alveolar air $>$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $<$ PCO2 alveolar air
- PO2 alveolar air $>$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $>$ PCO2 alveolar air (correct)
- PO2 alveolar air $<$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $>$ PCO2 alveolar air
- PO2 alveolar air $<$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $<$ PCO2 alveolar air
What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?
What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?
- 110–120 mm Hg
- 40–50 mm Hg
- 85–100 mm Hg (correct)
- 70–80 mm Hg
What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?
What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?
- 50–60 mm Hg
- 35–45 mm Hg (correct)
- 25–30 mm Hg
- 60–70 mm Hg
What happens to gas exchange between blood and tissues?
What happens to gas exchange between blood and tissues?
Which cells initiate an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?
Which cells initiate an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
What happens if the O2 falls below 60 mm Hg?
What happens if the O2 falls below 60 mm Hg?
Which receptors respond to physical injury or irritation in the airway mucosa?
Which receptors respond to physical injury or irritation in the airway mucosa?
What is responsible for affecting the patterns of ventilation?
What is responsible for affecting the patterns of ventilation?
What can affect breath rate and depth by bypassing the brain stem?
What can affect breath rate and depth by bypassing the brain stem?
What is converted to bicarbonate and H+ in the brain ECF?
What is converted to bicarbonate and H+ in the brain ECF?
What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?
What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?
What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
Which enzyme converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells?
Which enzyme converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells?
What controls breathing in the body?
What controls breathing in the body?
What influences oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?
What influences oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?
What does gas movement in alveoli depend on?
What does gas movement in alveoli depend on?
How does hemoglobin pick up oxygen in the blood?
How does hemoglobin pick up oxygen in the blood?
What removes CO2 from the lungs?
What removes CO2 from the lungs?
What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?
What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?
What controls inspiratory and expiratory muscles?
What controls inspiratory and expiratory muscles?
How is continuous ventilation modulation achieved?
How is continuous ventilation modulation achieved?
What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?
What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?
What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?
What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
What happens to gas exchange between alveoli and blood?
What happens to gas exchange between alveoli and blood?
Which receptors are located in the carotid bodies and sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2?
Which receptors are located in the carotid bodies and sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?
Which reflex is responsible for terminating inspiration if tidal volume exceeds a certain volume?
Which reflex is responsible for terminating inspiration if tidal volume exceeds a certain volume?
Which brain centers can change the control of the brain stem on breath rate and depth?
Which brain centers can change the control of the brain stem on breath rate and depth?
What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies?
What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies?
What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) control?
What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) control?
What is the role of the limbic system in affecting breath rate and depth?
What is the role of the limbic system in affecting breath rate and depth?
What is the function of the irritant receptors in the airway mucosa?
What is the function of the irritant receptors in the airway mucosa?
What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
What controls breathing in the body?
What controls breathing in the body?
What removes CO2 from the lungs?
What removes CO2 from the lungs?
What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in oxygen-hemoglobin binding?
How is gas movement in alveoli dependent?
How is gas movement in alveoli dependent?
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
What affects oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?
What affects oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?
What initiates an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?
What initiates an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?
What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?
What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?
What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?
What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?
Study Notes
Factors Affecting Gas Exchange and Hypoxia
- Gas movement in alveoli is proportional to pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature.
- Gas entering capillaries first dissolves in plasma; hemoglobin picks up maximum oxygen possible under normal conditions.
- Several factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding, including changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2.
- The Bohr effect and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) production influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding.
- Fetal hemoglobin's structure enhances its ability to bind oxygen in low-oxygen environments.
- Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, diffused into RBCs, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate ions.
- Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions; chloride shift maintains electrical neutrality.
- Hemoglobin's interaction with H+ and CO2 affects its binding affinity for oxygen.
- CO2 is removed from the lungs by diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli.
- Neural networks in the brainstem act as a central pattern generator, controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
- Continuous modulation of ventilation occurs through chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers.
- Neurons in the medulla control breathing, with the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups playing different roles.
Factors Affecting Gas Exchange and Hypoxia
- Gas movement in alveoli is proportional to pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature.
- Gas entering capillaries first dissolves in plasma; hemoglobin picks up maximum oxygen possible under normal conditions.
- Several factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding, including changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2.
- The Bohr effect and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) production influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding.
- Fetal hemoglobin's structure enhances its ability to bind oxygen in low-oxygen environments.
- Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, diffused into RBCs, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate ions.
- Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions; chloride shift maintains electrical neutrality.
- Hemoglobin's interaction with H+ and CO2 affects its binding affinity for oxygen.
- CO2 is removed from the lungs by diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli.
- Neural networks in the brainstem act as a central pattern generator, controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
- Continuous modulation of ventilation occurs through chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers.
- Neurons in the medulla control breathing, with the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups playing different roles.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the factors influencing gas exchange and hypoxia with this quiz. Explore concepts such as gas movement in alveoli, oxygen-hemoglobin binding, carbon dioxide transport, and the neural control of breathing. Gain insight into the physiological mechanisms that underlie respiratory function and regulation.
