Respiratory Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood?

  • PO2 alveolar air $>$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $<$ PCO2 alveolar air
  • PO2 alveolar air $>$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $>$ PCO2 alveolar air (correct)
  • PO2 alveolar air $<$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $>$ PCO2 alveolar air
  • PO2 alveolar air $<$ PO2 blood and PCO2 blood $<$ PCO2 alveolar air

    • What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?

  • 110–120 mm Hg
  • 40–50 mm Hg
  • 85–100 mm Hg (correct)
  • 70–80 mm Hg

    • What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?

  • 50–60 mm Hg
  • 35–45 mm Hg (correct)
  • 25–30 mm Hg
  • 60–70 mm Hg

    • What happens to gas exchange between blood and tissues?

    <p>PO2 blood $&gt;$ PO2 tissue and PCO2 tissue $&gt;$ PCO2 blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells initiate an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?

    <p>Peripheral chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the O2 falls below 60 mm Hg?

    <p>It triggers a reflex in carotid body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors respond to physical injury or irritation in the airway mucosa?

    <p>Irritant receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for affecting the patterns of ventilation?

    <p>Cerebrum and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect breath rate and depth by bypassing the brain stem?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is converted to bicarbonate and H+ in the brain ECF?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?

    <p>Central chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?

    <p>Changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?

    <p>Its structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls breathing in the body?

    <p>Neurons in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?

    <p>2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gas movement in alveoli depend on?

    <p>Pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hemoglobin pick up oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Picking up maximum oxygen possible under normal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What removes CO2 from the lungs?

    <p>Diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?

    <p>Chloride shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls inspiratory and expiratory muscles?

    <p>Neural networks in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is continuous ventilation modulation achieved?

    <p>Through chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PO2 in arterial blood?

    <p>85-100 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PCO2 in venous blood?

    <p>35-45 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gas exchange between alveoli and blood?

    <p>PO2 alveolar air &gt; PO2 blood and PCO2 blood &gt; PCO2 alveolar air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are located in the carotid bodies and sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2?

    <p>Specialized glomus cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?

    <p>Located in the CNS and respond to changes in PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is responsible for terminating inspiration if tidal volume exceeds a certain volume?

    <p>Hering-Breuer inflation reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain centers can change the control of the brain stem on breath rate and depth?

    <p>Cerebrum and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies?

    <p>To sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) control?

    <p>Inspiratory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the limbic system in affecting breath rate and depth?

    <p>It can bypass the brain stem to affect breath rate and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the irritant receptors in the airway mucosa?

    <p>To respond to physical injury or irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding?

    <p>Changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances fetal hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen?

    <p>Its structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls breathing in the body?

    <p>Neurons in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What removes CO2 from the lungs?

    <p>Diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in oxygen-hemoglobin binding?

    <p>Influences oxygen-hemoglobin binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gas movement in alveoli dependent?

    <p>On pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?

    <p>Converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects oxygen-hemoglobin binding along with the Bohr effect?

    <p>H+ and CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates an increase in ventilation in response to a decrease in PO2, an increase in pH, and an increase in PCO2?

    <p>Chemoreceptor-linked reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains electrical neutrality during CO2 transportation?

    <p>Chloride shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What responds to changes in PCO2 in the arterial blood?

    <p>Central chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Factors Affecting Gas Exchange and Hypoxia

    • Gas movement in alveoli is proportional to pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature.
    • Gas entering capillaries first dissolves in plasma; hemoglobin picks up maximum oxygen possible under normal conditions.
    • Several factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding, including changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2.
    • The Bohr effect and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) production influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding.
    • Fetal hemoglobin's structure enhances its ability to bind oxygen in low-oxygen environments.
    • Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, diffused into RBCs, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate ions.
    • Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions; chloride shift maintains electrical neutrality.
    • Hemoglobin's interaction with H+ and CO2 affects its binding affinity for oxygen.
    • CO2 is removed from the lungs by diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli.
    • Neural networks in the brainstem act as a central pattern generator, controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
    • Continuous modulation of ventilation occurs through chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers.
    • Neurons in the medulla control breathing, with the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups playing different roles.

    Factors Affecting Gas Exchange and Hypoxia

    • Gas movement in alveoli is proportional to pressure gradient, gas solubility in liquid, and temperature.
    • Gas entering capillaries first dissolves in plasma; hemoglobin picks up maximum oxygen possible under normal conditions.
    • Several factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding, including changes in plasma pH, temperature, and PCO2.
    • The Bohr effect and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) production influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding.
    • Fetal hemoglobin's structure enhances its ability to bind oxygen in low-oxygen environments.
    • Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, diffused into RBCs, bound to hemoglobin, or converted to bicarbonate ions.
    • Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs converts CO2 to bicarbonate ions; chloride shift maintains electrical neutrality.
    • Hemoglobin's interaction with H+ and CO2 affects its binding affinity for oxygen.
    • CO2 is removed from the lungs by diffusion down the PCO2 gradient from blood to alveoli.
    • Neural networks in the brainstem act as a central pattern generator, controlling inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
    • Continuous modulation of ventilation occurs through chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers.
    • Neurons in the medulla control breathing, with the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups playing different roles.

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    Lecture 18 - Gas Exchange and Transport PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the factors influencing gas exchange and hypoxia with this quiz. Explore concepts such as gas movement in alveoli, oxygen-hemoglobin binding, carbon dioxide transport, and the neural control of breathing. Gain insight into the physiological mechanisms that underlie respiratory function and regulation.

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