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Questions and Answers
In the context of Fick's Law, if 'X' represents the diffusion distance, what is the selective pressure expected to do to X?
In the context of Fick's Law, if 'X' represents the diffusion distance, what is the selective pressure expected to do to X?
A bimodal breather typically exhibits which gas exchange strategy?
A bimodal breather typically exhibits which gas exchange strategy?
Which adaptation is NOT a strategy for coping with hypoxia, as discussed in this content?
Which adaptation is NOT a strategy for coping with hypoxia, as discussed in this content?
What is the term for when an aquatic animal uses the surface of the water to respire?
What is the term for when an aquatic animal uses the surface of the water to respire?
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Besides lungs and gills, which other body parts are mentioned as being adapted for gas exchange in certain animals?
Besides lungs and gills, which other body parts are mentioned as being adapted for gas exchange in certain animals?
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According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, which variable is most directly altered by the presence of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) in fish gills?
According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, which variable is most directly altered by the presence of an interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) in fish gills?
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In the context of respiratory physiology, what effect does the Pre-Bötzinger complex have on minute ventilation?
In the context of respiratory physiology, what effect does the Pre-Bötzinger complex have on minute ventilation?
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If a carp is acclimated to hypoxia for 14 days, what compensatory change would one expect to see in its gill morphology and why?
If a carp is acclimated to hypoxia for 14 days, what compensatory change would one expect to see in its gill morphology and why?
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A flexible bag represents a portion of the lungs. If pressure within that 'bag' changes, which aspect of Dalton's Law is primarily affected?
A flexible bag represents a portion of the lungs. If pressure within that 'bag' changes, which aspect of Dalton's Law is primarily affected?
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How does the 'hairy frog' (Trichobatrachus robustus) increase its gas exchange capacity using the principles of Fick's Law?
How does the 'hairy frog' (Trichobatrachus robustus) increase its gas exchange capacity using the principles of Fick's Law?
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Which of the following would be the most direct effect of a mutation that disables stretch receptors involved in breathing?
Which of the following would be the most direct effect of a mutation that disables stretch receptors involved in breathing?
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A set of guinea pigs are raised at different altitudes, one group at low altitude and one at high altitude. How does this 'developmental' variable impact the gas exchange parameters?
A set of guinea pigs are raised at different altitudes, one group at low altitude and one at high altitude. How does this 'developmental' variable impact the gas exchange parameters?
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Which of the following equations represents the direct relationship between respiratory minute volume (RMV) and its components?
Which of the following equations represents the direct relationship between respiratory minute volume (RMV) and its components?
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Study Notes
Lecture 7: Gas Exchange: Case Studies
- Coping with Hypoxia:
- Adjusting Fick's principle
- Oxygen storage
- Altering ventilation
- Modifying pigments
- Refer to Box 24.2 (page 659), 728-734, 669-670 for more information
Gas Exchange: Bimodal Breathers
- Oxygen (O₂): Primarily absorbed from air via lungs
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Mostly expelled into water via gills
- Blood routing is modified to support this dual method
Environmental Hypoxia
- Definition: Low oxygen levels in the environment
- Natural Causes
- Air breathers, examples
- Water breathers, examples
Cheat: Spatial Avoidance
- Aquatic surface respiration is a strategy employed by some species
Change X?
- Anatomical representation of X
- Selection pressure towards increasing/decreasing X
- Mathematical reasoning behind the change
- Summary of data in figure 23.8
Changing A: Adaptational
- Titicaca frog as example of adaptation
- Description of the lake and frog
Changing A: Adaptational
- Alternative surface areas for gas exchange (e.g., skin, buccal, or cloacal) that are not initially related to gas exchange, as seen in turtles
- These are secondary uses
Fitzroy River Turtle
- Specialized cloacal gill respiration enabling the turtle to stay submerged for extended periods
- The anatomy of the cloaca, and the muscles involved in the process
- Efficiency of oxygen extraction due to increased surface area and thin barrier between blood and water
- Indicates this species needs to surface less frequently to absorb oxygen
Changing A: Acclimation
- The "hairy" frog (Trichobatrachus robustus) is an example of species that can physiologically adjust to changing environments
Changing A: Acclimation (Carp gills)
- Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gill morphological changes in fish
- Carp gills can acclimate to hypoxia over 14 days, recovering in 7 additional days to normal function
- Gill morphology is measured at 0, 3, 7, 14 days during hypoxia and following recovery
Fish Gill Anatomy
- Detailed anatomy of fish gills
- Diagram of the gill arches, lamellae, blood flow and water flow
Changing A: Acclimation (Interlamellar cell mass)
- ILCM (interlamellar cell mass) comprises gill cells not involved in gas exchange
- Visual representation of the changes in gill anatomy due to varying durations of hypoxia and recovery
Changing A: Developmental
- Guinea pigs raised at different altitudes demonstrate differences in alveolar surface area
- Observations show increased alveolar growth and remodeling in higher altitude environments
Maintain P₁ - P₂: Ventilation
- Flexible bag analogy and relationship to pressure
- Dalton's Law implications regarding the effect of altering constituents
Changing Tidal Volume
- Details of lung volumes and capacities (e.g., tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, functional residual capacity)
- Visual representation of lung volumes/capacities during different phases of inspiration and expiration
- Definitions of pertinent terms
Modulating Breathing
- Definition of respiratory minute volume (RMV)
- Relationship between tidal volume, breath frequency, and RMV
- Factors influencing RMV
Changing Minute Ventilation
- Pre-Bötzinger complex initiating inhalation
- Stretch receptors halting inhalation
- Schematic of the nervous system's interaction with respiratory muscles
Does O₂ regulate breathing?
- Data on changes in % resting ventilation in relation to oxygen levels for different species
Changing Minute Ventilation
- Factors impacting V₁ or breathing frequency (f)
- Influence of chemical constituents (CO₂, O₂)
- Diagram to illustrate the neural pathways of breathing
Maintain P₁ - P₂: Ventilation
- Factors affecting ventilation in air-breathing and water-breathing animals
- Environmental hypoxia impacting the role of O₂
- Data charts comparing oxygen percentages and resulting breathing rates across species.
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Description
Test your knowledge on gas exchange strategies and adaptations in aquatic animals. This quiz covers concepts related to Fick's Law, surface respiration, and various bodily adaptations for coping with hypoxia. Challenge yourself to understand how these factors influence animal survival in different environments.
