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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma?
What is the primary mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of airflow obstruction in asthma?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of airflow obstruction in asthma?
What is the result of chronic inflammation in asthma?
What is the result of chronic inflammation in asthma?
Which of the following is a symptom of asthma?
Which of the following is a symptom of asthma?
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What is the role of Ig-E antibodies in asthma?
What is the role of Ig-E antibodies in asthma?
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What is the effect of airway obstruction on the lungs?
What is the effect of airway obstruction on the lungs?
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What is the primary mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma?
What is the primary mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma?
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What is the result of chronic mucous plug formation in asthma?
What is the result of chronic mucous plug formation in asthma?
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What is the role of mast cells in asthma?
What is the role of mast cells in asthma?
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What is the response of the airways to an inhaled allergen in asthma?
What is the response of the airways to an inhaled allergen in asthma?
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Study Notes
Asthma
- Signs and symptoms: cough, dyspnea, and wheezing
- Diagnosis involves: history, examination, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, and ABG analysis
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) and Spirometry
- Reveal signs of obstructive airway disease
- Low FEV1, low FEV1/FVC, and low peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
- A simple and cheap test to diagnose asthma and monitor exacerbations
- Measures the maximum rate at which a person can exhale
Asthma Exacerbation
- Acute worsening of symptoms and lung function from the patient’s usual status
- Assessment involves: mental status, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and PEFR
Management of Asthma Exacerbation
- Correction of hypoxemia
- Rapid reversal of airway obstruction
- Prevention of further recurrence
- Treatment involves: inhaled bronchodilators, oxygen, steroids, and magnesium sulfate infusion
Emphysema
- An obstructive respiratory disorder that causes destruction of alveolar walls, leading to bullae formation
- Decreased alveolar surface area available for gas exchange
- Clinical manifestations: dyspnea on exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, and tachypnoea
Pathophysiology of Emphysema
- Destruction of alveolar septa leads to:
- Reduced lung elastic recoil
- Collapse of small airways during expiration
- Reduced surface area available
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Usually involves a mixture of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- Therapy aimed at limiting further lung damage and helping patients cope with respiratory consequences
Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma (BA)
- Involves bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation
- Characterized by intermittent airflow obstruction
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Airway Inflammation
- Activation of T helper 2 (Th 2) cells and B lymphocytes leads to airway inflammation
- Antigen binds to antibodies, causing mast cell response and release of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines
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Description
This quiz covers the diagnosis and symptoms of respiratory diseases, including cough, dyspnoea, and wheezing, as well as relevant medical tests and analysis.
