Respiratory Pathophysiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma?

  • Release of histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells
  • Activation of T helper 1 (Th 1) cells
  • Increased sensitivity of the airways to an inhaled allergen (correct)
  • Hyperplasia of smooth muscle in the airways

    • Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of airflow obstruction in asthma?

  • Chronic mucous plug formation
  • Airway edema
  • Pulmonary embolism (correct)
  • Acute bronchospasm

    • What is the result of chronic inflammation in asthma?

  • Increased sensitivity of the airways to inhaled allergens
  • Reduced mucous production
  • Reversibility of airway obstruction
  • Airway remodeling with smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia (correct)

    • Which of the following is a symptom of asthma?

    <p>Tachypnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ig-E antibodies in asthma?

    <p>Binding to mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of airway obstruction on the lungs?

    <p>Decreased ability to expel air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma?

    <p>Activation of T helper 2 (Th 2) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic mucous plug formation in asthma?

    <p>Further narrowing of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in asthma?

    <p>Release of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the airways to an inhaled allergen in asthma?

    <p>Dramatic mast cell response and release of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asthma

    • Signs and symptoms: cough, dyspnea, and wheezing
    • Diagnosis involves: history, examination, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, and ABG analysis

    Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) and Spirometry

    • Reveal signs of obstructive airway disease
    • Low FEV1, low FEV1/FVC, and low peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

    Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

    • A simple and cheap test to diagnose asthma and monitor exacerbations
    • Measures the maximum rate at which a person can exhale

    Asthma Exacerbation

    • Acute worsening of symptoms and lung function from the patient’s usual status
    • Assessment involves: mental status, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and PEFR

    Management of Asthma Exacerbation

    • Correction of hypoxemia
    • Rapid reversal of airway obstruction
    • Prevention of further recurrence
    • Treatment involves: inhaled bronchodilators, oxygen, steroids, and magnesium sulfate infusion

    Emphysema

    • An obstructive respiratory disorder that causes destruction of alveolar walls, leading to bullae formation
    • Decreased alveolar surface area available for gas exchange
    • Clinical manifestations: dyspnea on exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, and tachypnoea

    Pathophysiology of Emphysema

    • Destruction of alveolar septa leads to:
      • Reduced lung elastic recoil
      • Collapse of small airways during expiration
      • Reduced surface area available

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    • Usually involves a mixture of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
    • Therapy aimed at limiting further lung damage and helping patients cope with respiratory consequences

    Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma (BA)

    • Involves bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation
    • Characterized by intermittent airflow obstruction

    Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Airway Inflammation

    • Activation of T helper 2 (Th 2) cells and B lymphocytes leads to airway inflammation
    • Antigen binds to antibodies, causing mast cell response and release of histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines

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    Description

    This quiz covers the diagnosis and symptoms of respiratory diseases, including cough, dyspnoea, and wheezing, as well as relevant medical tests and analysis.

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