40 Questions
What is the dominant feature of hypoventilation?
Hypercapnia
What is a common finding in patients with central sleep apnea?
Apneic periods of no respiratory effort
How does CPAP help in the treatment of sleep apnea?
Raises pressure inside airways
What is the main cause of low FiO2 leading to hypoxemic hypoxia?
High altitude
What are two cardinal features of hypoventilation?
Rise in PCO2 and alveolar hypoxia
What is the most common cause of hypoxemia according to the text?
Ventilation-perfusion inequality
Which gas transfer is affected by ventilation-perfusion inequality?
All gases - O2, CO2, anesthetic gases
In obstructive diseases, increased resistance to expiratory airflow primarily occurs due to which process?
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the airway wall
What exacerbates ventilation-perfusion inequality according to the text?
- Hypoventilation and 2) decreased cardiac output
Which condition is specifically mentioned in the text as contributing to the fundamental physiologic problem in obstructive diseases?
Emphysema
In a patient with hypoventilation, which of the following is a characteristic finding?
Decreased respiratory rate
Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Obstructive lung disease
What differentiates obstructive sleep apnea from central sleep apnea?
Increased respiratory effort in central sleep apnea
Which of the following is NOT a feature of central sleep apnea?
Associated with loud snoring
What is a potential consequence of untreated sleep apnea?
Increased risk of stroke
Which condition can lead to the depression of respiratory centers by drugs like opiates?
Hemorrhage diseases of the medulla
What is a characteristic of diseases of the nerves to respiratory muscles like in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Hypercapnia
Which condition may cause upper airway obstruction, leading to obstructive sleep apnea?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
In the context of hypoxemic hypoxia, what effect does diffusion impairment have across the alveolar-capillary unit?
Impaired gas exchange between blood and alveoli
Which type of shunt allows blood to bypass ventilated lung regions and does not respond to 100% O2 therapy?
Right-to-Left Shunt
What is the main physiological factor that contributes to hypoventilation in patients with severe chronic lung disease?
Worsening of ventilation-perfusion relationships
Which condition may lead to hypercapnic respiratory failure when exposed to excessive oxygen therapy?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What is a common hazard associated with oxygen therapy mentioned in the text?
CO2 retention
Which type of sleep apnea is commonly treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) postoperatively?
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
In mechanical ventilation, which mode delivers a known volume despite changes in lung properties or airway resistance?
Volume control
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypoventilation?
Excessive oxygen therapy
What is a common feature of both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea?
Decreased oxygen saturation in the blood
In respiratory acidosis, which of the following compensatory mechanisms is expected to occur?
Increased blood bicarbonate levels
What is a potential hazard associated with central sleep apnea?
Increased risk of heart attack
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea?
Intermittent airflow obstruction during sleep
What is the characteristic arterial blood gas finding in patients with respiratory acidosis?
Decreased pH and increased PaCO2
Which condition is characterized by decreased sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to changes in PaCO2?
Central sleep apnea
What is a common feature in patients with chronic bronchitis?
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Which factor contributes to luminal narrowing in chronic bronchitis?
Increased mucus production
What is the primary cause of COPD in developing populations?
Indoor exposure to burning biofuels
Which type of emphysema is usually associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Panacinar emphysema
Which feature distinguishes emphysema from chronic bronchitis?
Irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles
What is a clinical feature specific to chronic bronchitis?
Purulent sputum from bacterial infection
Which condition can lead to hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis in patients with COPD?
Administration of high FiO2 levels
What is a characteristic feature of hypoventilation that may be observed in COPD patients?
Elevated PaCO2 levels with normal pH levels
Explore the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases including obstructive, restrictive, and vascular diseases, as well as respiratory failure and treatment. Learn about non-respiratory functions of the lung, hypercapnia, hypoxemic hypoxia, and defense mechanisms of the lung. Identify the function and location of the mucociliary escalator and how aerosols are removed.
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