Asthma Pathophysiology and Variability Quiz

<p>PD20 compares better than PC20 between devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100-400 micrograms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a chronic disease characterized by heterogeneous symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type-2 immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defining subtypes based on biological mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased airway resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-atopic asthma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lethargy of epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>32-84% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coughing fits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lasting more than 12 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>84% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share systemic inflammatory pathways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma requiring corticosteroid treatment to prevent it from becoming uncontrolled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has consistent evidence of improving asthma control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact on asthma treatment outcomes is inconsistent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75-95% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sino-nasal disease allergic rhinitis (AR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assess, adjust, and review the response to treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Step 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates the differentiation and maturation of eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSLP, IL-33, IL-25 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-acting bronchodilators before exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative stress leading to neutrophil activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise challenge test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent airflow limitation in older patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing that occurs after exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases risk of sensitization to allergens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased healthcare utilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant-based diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributable to specific workplace conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased expiratory reserve volume (ERV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-intensity, consistent exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces adipokines that can alter immune function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is always reversible if the exposure is removed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A long-term lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, all of which vary in intensity over time. This condition involves an exaggerated response of the airways to various triggers, ultimately causing airflow limitation.

The tendency of the airways to become overly sensitive and reactive to stimuli like allergens, irritants, cold air, exercise, or even emotional stress, leading to bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways) and airway hyperresponsiveness.

The process of structural changes in the airways, including thickening of smooth muscle, increased mucus production, and inflammation, which contribute to the chronic inflammation and airflow obstruction characteristic of asthma.

Chronic inflammation of the airways is a hallmark of asthma, driven by a complex interplay of immune cells and mediators. This inflammatory process contributes to the narrowing of airways, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness.

The overproduction of mucus within the airways in asthma contributes to airway obstruction, making it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs.

A key factor in airway remodeling, TGF-beta is a protein that plays a significant role in stimulating the growth of airway smooth muscle cells and the production of collagen, contributing to the thickening of the airways in asthma.

The two main types of asthma are categorized based on the underlying immune responses. T2-high asthma is often associated with allergies, eosinophilic inflammation, and a strong response to corticosteroids. T2-low asthma is less likely to be allergic, with a lower eosinophil count and often a poorer response to corticosteroids.

A diverse group of immune mediators and cells contribute to the development of asthma. Type 2 immune responses play a key role, with eosinophils being a prominent feature. These responses contribute to the characteristic inflammation, airway narrowing, and mucus hypersecretion associated with asthma.

A decrease in lung function of at least 200 ml and 12% from baseline after an exercise challenge.

A decrease in lung function of at least 20% from baseline after inhaling methacholine.

A decrease in lung function of at least 15% from baseline after inhaling mannitol or during Eucapnic hyperventilation.

The amount of methacholine needed to cause a 20% decrease in lung function.

Indicates the severity of asthma based on the amount of methacholine required to trigger a 20% decrease in lung function.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms. In some cases, it can worsen asthma symptoms and impact lung function.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a long-term inflammation of the nasal sinuses and nasal cavity. It can occur with or without nasal polyps. CRS is associated with a higher prevalence of asthma, poorer lung function, and more severe asthma attacks.

The unified airway model proposes that the upper and lower airways are connected, functioning as a single system. Inflammation in one area, such as the nose or sinuses, can affect the lungs and vice versa.

The common inflammatory pathways shared by asthma and CRS contribute to the interconnected nature of these conditions. Inflammation in the upper airway can travel to the lower airway, and vice versa.

The prevalence of CRS is higher among people with asthma, suggesting a strong link between these two conditions. A significant percentage of people with asthma also have CRS.

Asthma that requires high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or systemic corticosteroids (CS) to remain controlled, or becomes uncontrolled despite these treatments.

A guideline that emphasizes assessing asthma control, adjusting treatment based on assessment, and then reviewing the response to treatment.

A condition where the lining of the nose and sinuses is inflamed, often associated with asthma.

A common condition where acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus, potentially triggering asthma symptoms.

A condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep, often causing a rise in carbon dioxide levels and potentially worsening asthma.

A condition where the vocal cords close during breathing, potentially causing shortness of breath and affecting asthma control.

A condition involving difficulty breathing due to chronic lung disease, often impacting asthma management.

Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression can coexist with asthma and affect its management.

A type of asthma characterized by increased levels of eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils in the airways. It is often associated with allergies but can also occur without them.

Cytokines produced by epithelial cells in response to stimuli such as allergens, viruses, or pollutants. These cytokines help initiate the inflammatory cascade in type 2 asthma.

A cytokine that plays a key role in differentiation and maturation of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions.

A cytokine involved in the recruitment of eosinophils to the airways, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. These effects contribute to the symptoms of asthma.

A cytokine that stimulates B-cells to produce IgE antibodies. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, leading to mast cell and basophil activation.

A type of antibody involved in allergic responses. It binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes, which recruit and activate eosinophils.

A condition where the airways constrict in response to physical exertion, typically caused by inhalation of cold, dry air during exercise. It usually occurs after the exercise has ended.

A test used to diagnose exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. It involves having the patient exercise and then measuring their lung function.

A common condition that can worsen asthma symptoms. It can lead to steroid resistance and increased airway inflammation.

A condition that combines features of both asthma and COPD. It is characterized by persistent airflow limitation, smoking history, and increased asthma symptoms in patients over 40 years old.

Obesity worsens asthma symptoms and makes it harder to control. This includes increased wheezing, breathlessness, and needing more medication.

Weight loss, either through diet or surgery, can significantly improve asthma control in obese individuals.

Certain dietary changes, such as high protein and low glycemic index foods, can help improve asthma symptoms.

Increased airway resistance, caused by factors like increased mass loading and airway closure, is a key mechanism by which obesity worsens asthma.

The immune system response to allergens and irritants is amplified in obese individuals, leading to more severe asthma symptoms.

Occupational asthma (OA) is asthma caused by exposure to specific substances in the workplace and needs to be distinguished from workplace-exacerbated asthma (WWA).

OA is categorized into two types: immunological (sensitizing) and non-immunological, based on the underlying mechanism of action.

Suspect occupational asthma when there's a clear pattern of symptoms related to work exposure and a history of exposure to specific substances.